mankind since ancient times used for the manufacture of faience plates and cups.And in today's world, pottery is considered almost indispensable.Although the style of products, manufacturing technology is constantly changing, but the material remains unchanged.What faience, and what features it has - try to understand this article.
What is a faience
Earthenware - this is the material from which are made the dishes, interior, architectural elements, and so on. D. It is characterized by brittle, density and porosity fine.The name of this material comes from the Italian city of Faenza, which is famous for the production of ceramic products.
Faience is mainly used for the production of tableware, giftware and various ceramic gifts.Figurines of this type differ from porcelain brightness and saturation of colors and look very fabulous.As for tableware, kitchenware of porcelain produced most simple form and looks normal.It is perfect for everyday meals with simple tableware.
Species earthenware
Depending on the composition and amount of impurities are several types of earthenware:
- lime earthenware - except quartz and white clay is composed of chalk and dolomite.With these additives products are made much easier and faster.
- soft earthenware - are added to the traditional composition of different marshes - substances which thermal imaging fusible compound.
- feldspar earthenware - it contains a certain amount of feldspars (rock-forming minerals).
- solid earthenware - this is the most durable material.Such products have high mechanical properties.Obzhog solid earthenware runs at very high temperatures.
history earthenware
humanity knew what faience, another 4 thousand. BC.e.The composition of the first pottery produced little different from today.In Mesopotamia and Egypt, earthenware products are made of quartz pebbles with impurities soda, limestone, copper and iron ore.
Much later ware appeared in the Old World.First he released under the name of majolica in several Italian cities.Then the porcelain high-quality products made in France, in Saint-Porsche.
In Russia faience gained fame in the XVIII century.In Moscow, the whole factory to produce ceramic products.Delftware costs among the population at a faster pace and enjoyed immense popularity.Products in different factories differed.Thus, the master of manufacture Grebenshchikov painted on wet enamel ware.Faience Partnership Kuznetsova different colored glaze coatings, bulk reliefs or print drawings.Gzhel Factory manufactures products mainly blue and painted with gold.
Konakovo faience
great development in the production of earthenware products made by MS Kuznetsov, who in 1870 bought the porcelain factory in the town of Konakovo.He produced mainly crockery with hand-painted or printed patterns.After about 20 years, Kuznetsov began to produce dishes of polufayans, porcelain and ceramics.Since the mid 20-ies.XX century factory began to involve the best artists and masters of painting to create beautiful patterns on the dishes and creations animalistic sculptures.Their works were in demand, which in turn contributed to the expansion of production.
Over time, artists were able to create a certain style of its products: organic shaped porcelain items were playing cheerful and brightly painted potechnyh glaze.Konakovo faience exported to many countries.Some products are safely preserved to our days.
Semikarakorsk ceramics
Semikarakorsk earthenware - bright artistic phenomenon Don land.Rostov region was engaged in manufacturing pottery since ancient times.Many archaeological finds indicate the existence of artisanal potteries Semikarakorsk since pre-Christian times.
art style Semikarakorsky earthenware features original paintings, buketno, floral ornaments, natural scenes, historical motifs.Masters in his drawings have managed to convey the beauty and power of their region, Don tradition, the spirit of the Cossacks.
Due to the high level of artistic skill Semikarakorsk faience worldwide find works of art.
Types earthenware
Nowadays almost everywhere used earthenware.This is due not only to its low cost, but with the simplicity of making such articles.The most frequently produced earthenware dishes: salad bowls, plates for appetizers and main dishes, deep bowls, seledochnitsy, stands for bread and pastry, sauce boats, bouillon vases and tureens, cups for hot drinks, milk jugs, mugs, salt and sugar bowl.Often these days in stores, you can see a large range of architectural elements made of faience, tiles, toilets.Such home furnishings show not only the good taste of the owner, but also about its financial well-being.
How do crockery
to create earthenware necessarily use two components: quartz, refractory white clay.The process of making a ceramic article begins by processing the latter.So, spend several times the mass of clay burning temperature of 1050 ° C when, during that it must change the color.Then, a temperature of 950 ° C when applied to colored or transparent glaze.At the final stage is re-firing.As a result of the impact of faience mass remains porous and suitable for jewelry designs.If pottery is fired at low temperatures, it would be better to maintain intense underglaze paint.
Thus, the material goes through many processing steps, while getting ready faience.Photos of the manufacturing process plates illustrates the subtlety of this process.
Faience plumbing
Recently increasing popularity of sanitary earthenware.Its production takes place on a different technology than the manufacture of dishes or figurines.To create a high-strength material is covered with a special coating products.With proper and careful operation sanitary earthenware able to serve for a long time, while it will look the same as the time of purchase.
How to distinguish the pottery from china
Many do not know the difference from the china pottery, and are often confused, but between them there is a difference.Earthenware products are characterized by a low degree of whiteness, thicker walls and less strength.Finished items are distinguished by smooth shapes.Delftware compared with porcelain unable to retain heat for a long time.In addition, such products can not withstand high temperatures.If the dishes washed in hot water, it can crack.Therefore, in many cases it is more practical to use tableware made of porcelain.
well to understand the distinction between porcelain from pottery can make a comparison of products from these materials.The first and important difference - voicing the subject.It should be easy to knock on the edge of the plate.Porcelain emits a long and distinct hum.At the same time the bell faience thud.
faience can also identify and external features.Dishes made of ceramic does not transmit light.This is due to the fact that the products are baked at a relatively low temperature.A significant difference is a smooth bottom surface of dishes.Sometimes you may notice small depression that formed during firing.For comparison, the bottom of the porcelain is always rough.
Owners crockery should be more economically treat her and monitor her condition.If cracks using such products is undesirable because bacteria penetrate into the pores of earthenware and can provoke development of various diseases.
How to care for faience
Like any crockery, earthenware products require specific care.Considering all of the properties of this material, it is important to adhere to the rules of operation, to extend the life of earthenware.
most important rule - to wash articles of porcelain only in warm water and rinse in cold.In the case of hot water on the dishes formed small cracks and breaks down the structure of the material.
Detergents, particularly powders, it is better not to use.To lighten darkened crockery may be used a solution of baking soda or salt and vinegar in a ratio of 1: 1.Especially careful to care for products with gold leaf.The fact that the figures, which are decorated with faience, covered with icing.Therefore, after repeated washing remain intact.As for gilding - it is applied over the glaze and gradually erased from regular use.Therefore, the place, decorated with gold paint, you can not rub strongly, it is better to use a soft cloth or sponge.Remove stains from porcelain products can be with a cloth dipped in a small amount of ammonia.
Despite the advantages of porcelain, people still continue to buy pottery.This encourages manufacturers to produce ceramic new products for a variety of purposes.
