first, who drew attention to the problem of motivation were Smith and Owen, who believed that money is the main, and in fact one single motivating factor.According to their statements of people work only to get funds needed for the purchase of food, clothing, housing, etc.
At the beginning of the XX century emerging scientific theory of management, which stood at the origins of Taylor.At this time, it begins close and constant study of the labor process, to subsequently improve it.
main theories of motivation can be divided into the following groups:
- content (Maslow, Mc Kellond, Hertzberg)
- procedural (Vroom);
- based on respect for labor (McGregor, Ouchi).
In 40-ies.in the United States have developed several concepts of motivation activities.Although substantial motivation theories differ on some issues, they are not mutually exclusive.
existed at the time the control system suffered from the fact that the workers were not interested in the manifestation of their own labor skills.The administration, in turn, not having any idea about these opportunities, could not use them.The system of material incentives was ineffective and did not stimulate the proper working out.
Substantial theories of motivation.The theory of Maslow
Person usually behaves as its dominant forces in this time of need.This makes each person to act in such a way to deal with it.Maslow created a model of needs, consisting of five groups:
first group - the physiological;
second group - the need for security;
Group 3 - belonging to a social group;
fourth group - need for respect (success, status, self-esteem);
fifth group - the need for self-expression.
dominant need directs behavior until it is resolved.All of these need to be satisfied in a strictly hierarchical order.If there are two identical social needs, be sure wins need a lower level.Different people - different needs.The situation is changing, and changing human needs.Work can allow to meet social needs.
Substantial theories of motivation.The theory of motivation Mac Kellonda
In his theory of Mc Kellond proceeded from the fact that the set of requirements specific to people considered to be the most important three: participation, success, power.
There are two kinds of motives:
- desire for success;
- avoiding failures.
Mac Kellond noted that with the need to achieve success, money - not the point, they are important as an indicator of success.If you need to motivate these people, then you need to put out their tasks with little risk, provide them with sufficient powers to arouse the initiative regularly encouraged.
Substantial theories of motivation.Theory Frank Herzberg
It was established on the basis of surveys conducted in workplaces in different countries.People had to describe situations in which they felt were satisfied or dissatisfied.
Factors affecting job satisfaction:
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Achievement in recognition of success.
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interest in the work.
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responsibility.
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promotion.
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professional growth.
Factors influencing job dissatisfaction:
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control method.
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policy pursued by the administration of the organization.
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conditions in which the process of labor.
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Earnings.
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Interpersonal relationships at work.
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lack of stability.
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impact of work on personal life.
first group of factors is called motivators, and the second - the factors of context.With motivators are all more or less clear.Factors context creates an unfavorable situation, employees are dissatisfied, in the best case, these factors give them a neutral attitude.
The three listed scientific work laid the foundations of the modern theory of motivation.
