Formation of the company associated with the implementation of the material and spiritual human needs.Meeting the needs is the main motive of people's participation in industrial relations and the foundation of economic development.
value needs
human needs drive people to action.Needs exist in conjunction with means by which the satisfaction.These "tools" are formed directly in the workflow.Work - purposeful activity.It manifests itself primarily in the human ability to create objects and means of material production.In the formation of the property central to favor the appropriation of labor resources.
economic interests
It occurs on the basis of a variety of needs.Economic interests - the most important motive of work.With an increasing number of production improvement needs.They, in turn, contribute to the further development of the economy.Formation needs, inter alia, depends on subjective factors.These primarily include the tastes and inclinations of man, the spiritual needs of the individual, physiological and psychological characteristics, as well as folk customs and habits.In this connection, formed the conditions under which a person has to set the value of the services or goods.
production activity
It is carried out with the help of the economic system.The latter is a specific socio-institutional mechanism.Due to the limited resources available, meeting the needs of all members of society can not be achieved.However, this tends to civilization as an ideal target.This causes humanity to develop a variety of tools that would implement this task.As one of such means is economic theory.
Initial elements
first signs of economic thinking are found in the works of thinkers of ancient Egypt and in ancient Indian treatises.Valuable commandments concerning management, are also present in the Bible.As scientific direction economic theory began to emerge more clearly in the works of ancient Greek philosophers.The first ideas formulated by Xenophon, Aristotle, Plato.They coined the term "savings", designating them the doctrine of the creation and maintenance of a household in the slave conditions.This trend is based on the natural elements of work and the market.
development of economic schools
works of ancient Greek thinkers became the foundation for further development of teaching.It is then divided into several areas.As a result, formed following the major economic schools:
- Mercantilism.
- Marxism.
- physiocrats.
- Classical Economic School.
- Keynesianism.
- neoclassical school.
- Monetarism.
- Marginalism and historical school.
- Institutionalism.
- neoclassical synthesis.
- radical left school.
- Neoliberalism.
- School of economic theory offers.
General characteristics of the traditional direction
main economic schools were formed under the influence of different views of different scholars.An outstanding role in the development of the traditional doctrine was played by such figures as F. Quesnay, William Petit, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, DS Miles, Jean-Baptiste Say.If the difference between the views they shared several common ideas, which was formed on the basis of the classical school of economics.First of all, all these authors were proponents of economic liberalism.Its essence is often expressed in the phrase laissez faire, which literally means "to leave to do."The principle of this political demand was formulated by the Physiocrats.The idea was to provide a complete economic freedom of the individual and competition, the unlimited state intervention.These two economic schools saw man as a "business entity".The desire of the individual to augmenting their wealth increases that of the whole society.Automatic self-adjustment mechanism ("invisible hand," as Smith called him) sent the disparate actions of consumers and producers, so that the whole system is set long-term equilibrium.At the same time the continued existence of it in lost, perevyrabotki production and unemployment is impossible.The authors of these ideas have made significant contributions to the formation of the school of economics.Subsequently, they were used and improved.Many economic schools made their additions to these ideas.As a result, we formed a system that corresponded to a particular stage of the formation of society.So there was, for example, socio-economic school.
idea Smith
On the basis of the school of economic theory, which was a supporter of the leader, developed the concept of labor cost.Smith and his followers believed that capital formation is carried out not only through agriculture.In this process, particular importance is labor, and other segments of the population, the nation as a whole.Proponents of this school of economic theory have argued that by participating in the production process, the workers of all levels come into co-operation, co-operate, which, in turn, eliminates any distinction between productive and "fruitless" activities.Such cooperation is most effective when carried out in the form of a market trade.
Economic School: Mercantilism and Physiocrats
These teachings, as described above, existed in 18-19 centuries.These economic schools had different views on the production of social wealth.Thus, mercantilism held the idea that the basis of trade stands.To increase social wealth by all means the government should support domestic manufacturers and sellers, hindering the activities of foreign.Physiocrats believed that the economic basis is agriculture.Society, they were divided into three classes: the owners, producers and fruitless.As part of this exercise was formulated in the table, which in turn became the foundation for the formation of model of interbranch balance.
Other destinations 18-19 centuries
Marginalism - an Austrian School, adhering to the idea of marginal utility.The leading figure in this field was Carl Menger.Representatives of this school explained the concept of "value" from the perspective of consumer psychology.They tried to base exchange is not on production costs and on the subjective assessment of the value of goods sold and purchased.The neoclassical school, which was representative of Alfred Marshall, has developed the concept of functional relationships.Supporter of mathematical sciences was Leon Walras.He characterized the market economy as a structure that is able to achieve a balance by the interaction of supply and demand.He developed the concept of the common market balance.
Keynesianism and the institutionalists
Keynes based his ideas on the evaluation of the entire economic system as a whole.According to him, the market structure is initially not in equilibrium.In this regard, he advocated strict government regulation of trade.Supporters of institutionalism, Earhart and Galbraith, considered that the analysis of the economic entity is not possible without the formation of the environment.They proposed a comprehensive study of the economic system in the dynamics of evolution.
Marxism
This trend is based on the theory of surplus value and the principle of planned formation of the national economy.The leading figure in the doctrine advocated by Karl Marx.His later works were developed in the works of Plekhanov, Engels, Lenin, and other followers.Some of the provisions put forward by Marx, were revised "revisionists."These include, in particular, are such figures as Bernstein, Sombart, Tugan-Baranowski and others.In Soviet times, Marxism served as the basis of economic education and the only legitimate scientific field.
modern Russia: the HSE
Higher School of Economics is a research institute that carries out the project, educational, social, cultural and expert-analytical activities.It is based on international standards.Higher School of Economics, acting as part of the academic community, a key element of their practice in the university considers the involvement of global cooperation, partnership with foreign institutions.Being a Russian university, an institution working for the good of the country and its population.The main directions of the HSE - empirical and theoretical research as well as dissemination of knowledge.Teaching at the University is not limited to the fundamental disciplines.
