Knowledge
origin of the universe and the world.
- initial universe
first model of the universe was built by Albert Einstein in 1917.Creator of the general relativity theory held that the universe must be fixed, it should not be directed to evolve.Therefore, the mathematical model describing Einstein's static universe, and, as shown by astronomical observations, was wrong.
not stationary universe theory predicted AAFreedman.Friedman's work has shown that over time the universe must evolve, so, in the past, the universe must have existed a substance with a very high density and pressure.Therefore, should there be any reason that could induce superdense matter begin to expand.It was a theoretical assumption of an exploding universe.
in 1929.American astronomer E. Hubble, the result of astronomical observations, established the fact of expansion of the universe, which confirmed the correctness of the conclusions of Friedman.
At the end of 1940.physicist - theorist George Gamow hypothesized hot universe, based on the theory of "Big Bang", which is currently received the greatest recognition.
theory of "Big Bang" describes in detail what changes have occurred in the universe since its inception, but can not explain how it all started, it was in the beginning, and that was before, ie,before the "Big Bang."Also I could not answer the questions that determine the origin of the universe.
Where did the substance to the "big bang" and that (as matter) constituted the substance?
If the universe expands, where it is expanding?
Why, if the universe is expanding (almost the speed of light), the density of matter remains constant?
Why is such a homogeneous and isotropic universe?
If the cause of the universe was the "Big Bang" that caused the "big bang"?
As we see, the theory of "Big Bang" as the theory of the birth of the universe, puts a lot of unsolved problems.
already expressed doubts about the possibility of the origin of the universe as a result of the "Big Bang", referring to the fact that this is only a theoretical assumption.And when you consider that the theory of "Big Bang" is not able to objectively answer the above questions, which determine the origin of the universe, we can definitely say that the universe of the "Big Bang" could not happen.
But if the "big bang" was not the cause of the universe, and the universe is real, what was the reason for the origin of the universe?
answer to this question gives us the astrophysical and physical science at the present stage of its development, laden with the laws and regularities.
asked what was in the universe at the beginning, that is,before the "Big Bang", responds to worldwide law of conservation of matter, which reads as follows: "Matter can not come out of nothing and can not disappear without a trace, it can only move from one form or state to another form or condition.Matter uncreatable and indestructible, it is eternal and infinite. "
So, before the "big bang" in the universe existed matter.The question immediately arises, what kind of material and in what condition she might be?
first question meets the physics of elementary particles.
in nature, as studies have shown, there are only two completely stable, eternal and indestructible, with unlike charges and the rest mass of elementary particles called - electrons and positrons.The remaining particles or components (such as protons, neutrons and others.) Or without (in the existing concept of) the rest mass (photons, neutrinos, and others.), Or short-lived (such as muons, mesons, etc..).
Thus, before the "big bang" in the universe existed matter consisting of elementary opposite charges - electrons and positrons, iejust because of the matter that does not arise out of nothing and does not disappear completely, and passes from one form or state to another form or status, remaining eternal and indestructible.This matter of the Universe, and are completely stable - electrons and positrons.
remains to answer the question: "What is the state charges could exist?»
As we know, the electric charges (via power line) interact with each other, are in constant motion.So, nature had provided such a condition in which there would be no absolute motion and interaction of electrical charges - electrons and positrons.Nature has provided, and the thermodynamics of such a condition is confirmed, creating a temperature of absolute zero, that is,this temperature, which determined the conditions for the existence of matter (charges) of the universe.
As you can see, matter is composed of elementary opposite charges, the universe was in a state of absolute rest, ie,without movement and interaction.
sum up and answer the question: "What in the universe at the beginning, that is,before the "Big Bang"?
So, at the very beginning of the universe has always existed matter, consisting of dissimilar electrical charges - electrons and positrons, which are (at absolute zero) without motion and interaction.Universe where matter is "packed" so that the lines of force between the charges is no space, there is absolutely no movement and interaction, and therefore, there is no time change event, such a universe is a universe of rest or initial universe.In such a universe of matter consisting of dissimilar charges exist, so to speak, beyond time and space.
strong & gt; II .The formation of the particles and the beginning of the birth of the existing universe.
first stage.
initial universe may lie dormant indefinitely, unless there is any disturbance of its environment, for example in the form of density fluctuations, microvibrations pressure or temperature and so on. When the perturbation, "revived" power line charges will cause a chain reaction of electron interactionand positrons, which will lead to their unification (as opposite charges) and the formation of the first particle of the universe - a photon.
the transition of matter from a state of rest to a state of motion is strictly observed World conservation law, iematter how much was in the same state (the state of rest of the universe), and so the matter was transferred to another state (state of motion).
Now we can answer those questions, which determine the origin of the universe: "What was the beginning of the birth of the universe and where the existing universe is expanding."
Moment start combining (merging) of opposite charges in the rest of the universe first particle - a photon, and marked the beginning of the birth of the current expanding universe.
the question: "Where is expanding universe exists?".The answer is only one: "The present universe is expanding due to the transition of matter from a state of rest to a state of its motion, ie,the universe is expanding at the expense of rest or, so to speak, into the universe of peace. "
This origin of the universe is real and natural.
Looking ahead, we answer the question: "What was the reason for the origin of cosmic microwave background (electromagnetic) radiation?»
background radiation, apparently due to the transition of matter (charges) from one equilibrium state (equilibrium of the universe rest) to another equilibriumstate (equilibrium state of the expanding universe), accompanied by an increase (absolute zero) temperatures.
equilibrium state (the birth of the expanding universe) comes probably at ~ 3K from absolute zero and is accompanied by the impulse to the resulting photon electromagnetic environment, ieon the matter had been transferred from one state to another state.This impulse in the form of electromagnetic waves (which has a certain length and frequency, depending on the temperature) we observe as a relic equilibrium radiation.
noted that CMB surprisingly homogeneous and isotropic - it comes to us evenly in all directions.
Why?
answers this question the process of the birth of an expanding universe.
Since the transition of matter from a state of equilibrium of the universe rest in the equilibrium state of the expanding universe is happening on the border of the realm of "ballooning" of the ball in the same conditions, respectively, will be homogeneous and isotropic radiation itself, which is constantly and evenly fills the expanding universe.As you can see, the cosmic microwave background radiation - is the equilibrium radiation associated with the birth of our universe.
Now consider the question of why any material gas (under identical conditions) in equal volumes contain the same number of structural elements, whether it is a "small" electron, atom or "big" molecule.For this we define what the proper volume per one structural element under normal conditions, 1m3 divided by the number of particles contained therein: V = 1m3 / 2.686754 = 37.22 · 1025 · 10-27m3.Knowing your own volume per one structural element define the radius of the sphere of action of the force lines: R = 2,072 · 10-9 M.
Therefore, one structural element, whether it is "small" or electron "big" molecule is the same amount of its own or, so to speak, "private property" of space, equal to 37.22 · 10-27 m3sphere radius R = 2 x 10-9 M.
How can this be understood?
All structural elements are composed of a nucleus and the lines of force of interaction surrounding the nucleus.The radius of the sphere of power lines significantly (by several orders of magnitude) larger than the size of the nucleus, ie,the kernel can be considered a point in the center of the sphere.This structural element is determined by the size of the sphere radius lines of force, which is almost one and the same for all the gas and particles is 2 x 10-9 M ~.That's why, in a cubic meter of space contains the same number of structural elements, whether it is "small" or electron "big" molecule.
Now we know that all gas substances normally have a volume of 37.22 · 10-27 m3 and the radius of the sphere is equal to about 2 · 10-9 m;as well as atoms - a minimum particle of matter having the same density as the substance itself, the knowing the density of the material (the value of which can be found in any textbook on physics), and calculate the mass of the atom, it is possible, using the formula of density ρ = m / vcalculate the volume and radius of each atom.
Thus, hydrogen H2 density is equal to 0.0899 kg / m3, the mass of two hydrogen atoms m = 2mp + 2me = 3,347 · 10-27kg, while V = m / ρ = 37,23 · 10-27m3 and R = 2,071· 10-9 M.Oxygen: O2 density = 1.428 kg / m 3, m = 53.5744 · 10-27kg, then V = 37,55 · 10-27m3 and R = 2,077 · 10-9 M.
We see that all the gas substance under normal conditions account for nearly the same volume and have virtually the same range.The conclusion to the atom of a chemical element is in the gaseous state (under normal conditions), it must have a volume of ~ 37 · 10-27m3 and the radius of the sphere is ~ 2 × 10-9 M.Such volume and range are all inert gases, what could make anyone doing the appropriate calculations.
logical to assume that the volume of liquid substances atoms should be much less.Than the gas, i.e.matter interaction atom field lines must have a smaller volume and thus a greater density.
define the scope and range of atoms (molecules) of liquids: bromine, mercury and water.
Bromo Br2: ρ = 3100 kg / m 3, m = 133,94 · 10-27kg., Then m = V / ρ = 0.0432 · 10-27m3 and R = 0.2177 · 10-9 M.
Mercury Hg: ρ = 13,500 kg / m 3, m = 336,544 · 10-27 kg, then V = 0.0249 · 10-27m3 and R = 0.1812 · 10-9 M.For water
H20: ρ = 1000 kg / m 3, m = 30.1343 · 10-27 kg, then V = 0.03013 · 10-27 m3 and R = 0.1931 · 10-9 M.
As we see, the volume of liquid substance and the radius is significantly smaller than that of a gaseous substance.In the liquid substance matter field lines in the atom (molecule) "compressed" to its fluid "concentration", i.e.to a greater density.
Now let's see what happens with the structural elements of a gaseous substance in a non-normal iethe pH = 101325 Pa and Tn = 273,16 K.
According to the laws of thermodynamics c gas is possible by means of the equation Vr = V · TH · P / PH · T to see how changing the volume of the structural element, depending on the temperature and pressure.
Calculations show that by increasing the amount of the structural element temperature increases, and decreases with decreasing temperature.When the pressure - volume structural element decreases and increases with a decrease, such as a stratospheric balloon rising to the stratosphere.
Based on the above, in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, gas, there must be a law of nature: "Matter in the universe can not exist without space, as space can not exist without matter.Matter and space are one. "
Now let's see how was the formation of primary particles.As mentioned above, the formation of the first particles - photons was the result of a chain reaction of association (synthesis) of opposite charges an initial universe - electrons and positrons.The space of the expanding universe was filled with photons, the ambient temperature, resulting in the synthesis of charges, increased to ~ 1010K
Brief description of the photon.
Knowing that one mole of any gas, including photonic gas (medium), occupies the same volume equal 0,02241383m3 / mol and comprises 6.0221367 · 1023 structural elements define a volume occupied by a single photon.
Vγ = 0.02241383 / 6,0221367 · 1023 = 37.22 · 10-27m3 sphere with a radius R = 2 x 10-9 M.
photon mass is the mass of the two single electrons mγ = 2 x = 6.073 me- · 10-31kg.Photon has lines of the electromagnetic interaction.
Knowing the volume occupied by a photon and its weight determine the photon density of the medium that fills the space of the expanding universe.
ργ = m / v = 6,073 · 10-31 / 37,22 · 10-27 = 1,63 · 10-5kg / m3.It
eighty thousand times lighter than air environment of the Earth.
photon density of the medium can be calculated and the density of hydrogen, knowing that the proton is 1836 times heavier than the electron triplet or 5508 times the mass of a single electron e, the
ργ = ρH2 / 0.0899 = 5508/5508 = 1.63 ·= 5.10 kg / m3.
Education photon is shown in Figure 1. (All circuit made conditional).
Figure 1
http://s014.radikal.ru/i329/1207/51/c47cf9c5c46d.png
In the process of formation of photons, as the temperature rises, and going on the union of two pairs of electrons and positrons to produce neutrinos.
neutrinos - a particle with a fully closed field lines interact, which has a neutral charge and mass equal to four single electrons.
Education neutrinos shown in Scheme 2.
Scheme 2
http://s44.radikal.ru/i104/1207/3f/ba837a73da7d.png
With further increase in temperature to about 1011 K, the conditions forformation of matter opposite charges, the heavier particle is an electron and positron triplets.
electronic triplet - a particle formed by combining (merging) two positrons with electrons having a power line (negative) electric (1-1-1 +) = - 1 and the magnetic interaction with a mass equal to the mass of three single electron (m= 9.1093897 · 10-31kg).Let e t a symbol of e-Δ.Education electronic triplet shown in Scheme 3.
Figure 3
http://s51.radikal.ru/i132/1207/fb/ed79c230a07b.png
triplet positron - a particle, formed by the union (merger) with two electrons of the positron, which has the power line (positive) electric (+ 1 + 1-1) = + 1, and the magnetic interaction with a mass equal to the mass of the electronic triplet.
Positron triplet denoted by e + Δ.
triplet positronium formation is shown in Scheme 4.
Figure 4
http://s014.radikal.ru/i327/1207/3c/f3bb0d0dc924.png
electrons and positrons formed triplets (due to the brevity of the process) is much smaller than the photon approximately 105 particles per cubic meter of the space.
electrons and positrons triplets have completed the first stage of the formation of the initial particles of opposite charge of the universe rest.
second stage.
electrons and positrons triplets as particles having opposite charges, the forces of the "weak" electrical interaction, formed a neutral triplet units shown in Figure 5.
Let neutral triplet link sign e ° Δ
Scheme 5
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