What colony, most of us still remember the lessons from history.Colonia is a dependent territory, which is under the authority of a foreign state (Metropolis).At the same time on it can not be carried out political and economic power, and control is based on a special regime.The citizens of the metropolis to the colonies have a lot of power and privilege in comparison with the original inhabitants.From a historical perspective, the formation of settlements has said that the state sought to expand its sphere of influence due to the capture of other countries and continents.
History of
What is a colony, we have identified.Now it's time to find out which countries and how to take part in the colonization of the various states.So, in the middle of the XVI century full control over the American continent took over Spain, and the Spanish colony occupied almost all of North America, while other European countries are not able to win at least part of the American land.However, in the pursuit of gold and silver, the Spaniards stopped competently manage their territory, and the protracted war with the Netherlands greatly undermines the possibility of Spain.All this affected the fact that England was a rapidly developing to take the lead in the conquest of the world.
Management colonies and colonial policies of various countries
first colony in North America, which appeared in the XVII century., Founded by settlers from France, England and Holland.It was a massive influx of British colonists.The first English settlement here became Virginia, and then on the Atlantic coast has appeared 13 with a total population exceeding 2.5 million people.I must say that the natives in the face of the Iroquois and Algonquin first colonists treated quite tolerantly taught them many things.That is exactly the Indians were able to adapt Europeans to live in completely different conditions.But it turned out that as a sign of "gratitude" conquers local land and its inhabitants turned into slaves.It is noteworthy that the territory governed directly from England, that is, the king appointed the governor of each settlement.There were whole colonial assembly in which voters could determine the future ruler.
The essence of the policy was to ensure, to enslave and exploit the population for specific purposes.The same is done even in Rome and other slaveholding states where slaves were captured, looted enslaved country, they have taken away a variety of wealth and resources.The earliest colonial empires began to Spain and Portugal, which were formed immediately after the great geographical discoveries.Thus, the Spaniards enslaved Central and South America, Portugal opened the way to India, thus capturing the coast of Africa and Brazil.Exterminate hundreds of thousands of people are enslaved Aboriginal entire districts and regions.
Speaking of colonization, it should be noted that the very first Greek colonies arose.But in this area the formation of new states formed quite differently, that is, each of them must be independent.It turned out that colonization has helped to save Greece from a social explosion, because the city did not penetrate potentially dangerous and alien forces.Generally, this state did not differ a great militancy, compared, for example, with France.In 1713, the French colony comprised five provinces in what is now Canada and the United States, namely Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, New land and Louisiana.
Spanish colonization of the New World began after Columbus discovered America in 1492.We had to find the way to India, which would be safe and the fastest.As a result, researchers have gradually expanded the Spanish colonies.All the islands and countries that were on their way to India Columbus, he considered Spain's subjects: the Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, Tortuga, Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe - all this was part of the Spanish possessions.
US territory
all North American colonies can be divided into 3 groups.The first group includes the northern territories that are united by a common name - New England.There reigned a purely English spirit of actively developing industry.The second group included the southern colonies (this is Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia).Here the basis of the economy accounted for the plantation, which worked negros.Between these two groups of territory is the North American colonies, which were active farms, develop the estate.These included areas around New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
largest colonial power and was England, which gradually increased its geographical domination, subjugating France, Holland, Spain, Portugal and India.The following States on the way the British were China and Afghanistan.It was after the capture points in the Gulf of England could become the most powerful nation in the world and remained in that rank throughout the XIX century.
time, however, the struggle for supremacy in the world has led to the fact that began to appear numerous wars and conflicts, which is exacerbated by the uneven political and economic development of capitalism.Germany, Italy, the US and Japan have made all their strength and capabilities, to establish its authority.
Even in modern times between the two world wars - the First and Second World War - States have gradually freed themselves from colonial oppression.So, in 1943, became independent Syria and Lebanon, in 1945 - Vietnam and Indonesia.Later gradually released and the rest of the state.Thus it was accomplished and the collapse of the colonial system in the world.As
conducted management
To understand what a colony, it is important to know how it was carried out management.It is worth noting that each country pursuing its goal to create such areas.Someone tried to gain more space and establish total control on it.Some countries pursue exclusively educational and expansionist goals.Any colonies - French or English - manages a layer of people from the elite, and the official language of the colonizers recognized language.
colonies were created so that solves several problems.From the economic standpoint, it was possible to exploit the natural and human resources.By creating a colony world conquerors optimizing trade routes and sales markets.Reaches the foreign policy goals, which were caused by geo-strategic interests.Understand that such a colony, it is difficult if you do not know its features.What distinguishes this territory?Firstly, the political relationship and the presence of a special legal status.Second, the geographic isolation.Third, differences Aboriginal and metropolis in terms of religion and culture.
new meaning to the concept
Today, we no longer know such a thing as a penal colony.This institution, which contains adult citizens, conviction and imprisonment.In the prison system, there are three types of colonies-settlements depending on the type of crime:
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For persons who have committed a crime unintentionally.
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For persons who for the first time condemned for premeditated crime of small or moderate.
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For individuals who are characterized by a positive side.
However, any mode of correctional facilities provide that all categories of citizens do not need constant protection or lockdown.Moreover, all convicts are punished in any kinds of settlements in the same conditions.In addition, they are not limited to free movement in the territory, and with the permission of administration may even be outside unsupervised.For example, the need may arise if the convicted person should be studying or working outside the settlement.
modes colonies
type of correctional institution in which the convicted person will be sent, depending on what the court will set.For example, in colony-settlement sending convicts sentenced for reckless or intentional acts of minor or moderate severity.Labor colony designed for those who are in prison for having committed serious crimes.The strict regime settlement sending convicts who reckoned punishment for especially grave crimes for the first time, or those who have committed acts again.The colony of special regime contains men sentenced to life imprisonment.The penal colonies contained the representatives of different sexes separately.
What is infrared?
All types of correctional facilities have common characteristics.So, this area is an industrial zone, consisting of industrial premises and residential space.It is divided into local areas, where built a dormitory for prisoners.Most of the IR are the dining room, library, school, medical unit, club, bath, headquarters (there are administrative workers).Most often, when the area is a church or place of worship, as well as rooms for meetings.
in the territory with the total of the stay prisoners are kept in locked cells, and these facilities are designed to 20-50 people.When other modes conclusion convicted distributed in dormitories or barracks.They bedrooms are three tiers of bunks, where one person has to 7 sq.m.space.Those prisoners who are sentenced to life imprisonment, held in cells for two people.Some IR may be asked to stay in solitary confinement.In this hostel, except for the bedrooms, there is a room where you store personal belongings, dressing room, a room for meals and "Red Corner", where various cultural events.
All colonies except those special regime are esplanade where prisoners can go at your leisure.There are also facilities for the execution of punishments for behavior: punishment cell (where they may be held up to 15 days), and cell-type premises (punishable by up to six months convicts serve here).
Women colony
In recent years, condemned men and women increasingly serve their sentences in different places.Colonies for representatives of the "weaker sex" are areas of general regime, where they are serving time for murder, theft, robbery, fraud and any other economic crimes as well as drug operations.At 13 settlements in Russia to work at home baby.At the same time the mother and children live separately, met throughout the day for one hour.In women's prisons, as in most of these prisons, there are strict, conventional and sheltered accommodation.Depending on this type of women may have one or more visits during the year.
conviction may reside outside of the IC with the family or children.However, such cases are rare.Once a month, convicts can call relatives or someone else, but it must first write a written request.Speaking at the same lasts only 15 minutes.Unlike men, women can receive an unlimited number of parcels.They live in dormitories on 100-120 people in one barrack.Work in any penal colony plays an important role, because the majority of convicts is a good opportunity to earn at least a little.However, after all the deductions it may be that the salary is only 500 rubles.Children's Colony
In another way, this type of institutions called "educational colony" where to send minors.They may be convicted of intentional acts of varying severity.This also send minors who transferred from other prisons.Those adolescents who have committed premeditated crimes, contained in a strict regime.The same institutions are generally those who violated the order of stay in the detention center, as well as those who are transferred from the facilitated conditions.After six months, they can be transferred back, if they are to serve the sentence in accordance with all regulations.
in educational colonies, where the total installed and active regime convicted live in dormitories.They are allowed to the following:
- the opportunity to acquire the means of monthly essentials for money from his personal account (at a rate of 60% of the minimum wage);
- six short and two long visits during the year;
- 8 parcels / packages and 8 assists for the year.
convicts who are serving time in easier conditions, and live in dormitories.Features of their existence are somewhat different:
- at the expense of basic necessities they can spend 120% of the minimum wage;
- a year they put 12 short and four long visits, and long-term visits may take place outside the educational colony if it is approved by the Administration;
- a year they can get 12 assists / premises and the same parcels.
If convicted established to serve the sentence in favorable conditions, they can live in dormitories and outside the territory, without protection, but under the supervision of the administration.Such groups condemned many benefits, including the ability to spend the necessary amount of money per year to receive an unlimited number of packages and parcels, to live outside the colony and wearing civilian clothes.Children's Colony
stringent conditions involves living in isolated residential areas, which are locked in their spare time.They may spend money from the account of 30% of the minimum wage, receive parcels 4/4 transmit and 4 parcels and have short visits a year.
right to stay in the educational colony
As a rule, convicted persons who are under 18 years can stay in prison to 21 years.At the same nutritional standards, terms of punishment and the rest to ensure they remain the same, and that was 18 years old.Those prisoners who have reached 18 years of age and were characterized by a negative, transferred to serve his sentence further in a penal colony, where the decision is made by the court.The rest of the age of 21 are sent to a penal colony.At the same time after serving 9 months convicted of colony can be transferred to the general conditions.
Strict Mode: What are the characteristics?
new Russian Criminal Code suggests that a life sentence - is a kind of alternative to the death penalty for the most serious crimes.Life imprisonment is provided in the following cases:
- if there was a murder with aggravating circumstances;
- if the infringement was committed to a state or public entity;
- if it was made attempt on the life of a person who carries out justice come conducts a preliminary investigation;
- if there was an attempt on the life of law enforcement officers;
- during the genocide.
Life imprisonment is not counted against women, minors and men who at the time of sentencing are over 60 years old, despite the fact that the Criminal Code treats such sentence as the isolation of the convict from society.Thus, prisoners who were sentenced to life imprisonment, will serve his sentence in a penal colony separate from other prisoners.
Thus, in this article we have tried to understand what the colony.Of course, today this word refers to a completely different phenomenon in our lives.In the most general sense of the colony as a closed area with its charter, the rules and the regime was reflected in modern prisons.
