History of Education has its roots in the distant past.At the first humans appeared and education, but the science of the process of identity formation was formed much later.The root causes of any scientific branch called the necessities of life.When the need to generalize the experience of education and to create special educational institutions to train the younger generation began to emerge as a separate pedagogy.This meant the intensification of the process of isolating the theoretical began to prepare children for an independent life in society.The maximum value of parenting initially attached only in the most developed countries - China, Greece, Egypt and India.
Soon also managed to discover that society develops slower or faster depending on the level at which it is education of the younger generation.
invaluable contribution.Antiquity
philosophy of the ancient Greeks called the cradle of all European systems of education.Its brightest representative - is Democritus.He pointed to the similarity of education and nature, arguing that education rearranges the individual, thereby transforming the world around.
Science pedagogy has been further developed through the works of Socrates, Aristotle and Plato.They have been developing the most important ideas and regulations related to the formation of personality.
fruit of Greco-Roman educational thought was the work of "Education the speaker."Its author - Marcus Fabius Quintilian, the Roman philosopher.
Middle
During this period, the church was engaged in monopolization of the spiritual life of society and the direction of education in a very religious mainstream.Development of pedagogy is not happening as fast as in antiquity.There was a consolidation of the inviolable principles of centuries of dogmatic teaching, which existed in Europe nearly twelve centuries.Educational theory is hardly developed, despite the efforts of enlightened philosophers such as Augustine, Tertullian, Aquinas.
Renaissance
This time is characterized as far more beneficial for the development of pedagogy, rather than the Middle Ages.It is marked by the activities of a number of teachers humanists - Francois Rabelais, Erasmus, Vittorino da Feltre, Michel Montaigne, and others.
Science pedagogy separated from philosophy thanks to the work of Jan Amos Comenius (Czech Republic).The result of his work - "Great didactics" - one of the first scientific and educational works.An invaluable contribution to the development of this science has made, and John Locke.In "Thoughts on education", he expressed his opinion about cultivating a true gentleman - a man who is confident and able to combine excellent education to the professional qualities, firmness of opinion and elegance of manners.
New time
History of Education would not be complete without the names of well-known Western Enlightenment, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Diderot, Adolf Disterveg, Johann Friedrich Herbart and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.
Russian pedagogy has gained worldwide fame thanks to Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky.Thanks to him, there was a real revolution in the theory and practice of the science in question.He noted that the purpose of education is to prepare for work life, not happiness.
no small influence on the development of pedagogy had Edward Thorndike, and John Dewey, Maria Montessori and Benjamin Spock, Krupskaya and Wentzel, Makarenko and Sukhomlinsky and Danilov.
Current status
In recent decades, significant progress has been achieved in some areas of pedagogy, and especially in the work on the new technologies of pre-school and primary school education.Qualitative specialized software to help manage the learning process and, therefore, to achieve good results with less time and energy.
Modern pedagogy marked by active work on the creation of a copyright schools, research and production facilities and experimental sites.Education and training is based on humanistic personality-oriented principles.However, pedagogy - the science that has not yet been a single common view on how it should work with the younger generation.Centuries coexist two completely different approaches.In the first, you need to educate children in obedience and fear.According to the second - with affection and kindness.At the same time if life itself is one of the approaches was strongly rejected, he simply would cease to exist.In this situation, the main problems occur pedagogy and accurate answer to the question of how to act, has not been found.Sometimes the maximum benefit to the society bring people raised according to strict rules, and sometimes - intelligent, gentle and kind.At the same time authoritarian methods of working with children there is a clear scientific basis.According IFHerbart, children from birth inherent in "wild agility", which is why training only in severity can lead to tangible results.The main methods he called the threat of punishment, restrictions and supervision.
protest against this kind of impact on the personality was the theory of free education.Its author - JJRousseau.Jean-Jacques himself and his followers advocated respect for children and the stimulation of their natural development.Thus, a new direction - the humanist pedagogy.It is a system of scientific theories.It assigns the role of pupils equal, conscious and active participants in the educational process.
How to determine the degree of humanization of the educational process?It depends on how fully provided with conditions for self-realization of the individual.
Basics of pedagogy.Select an object, the subject, objectives and functions of science
object of pedagogy - the individual that develops in the course of educational relations.Researchers do not come to a consensus that is the subject of the science in question.Here are the views of different authors: the subject of pedagogy - is education of the individual as a special feature of society (Kharlamov);system of objective laws of a particular historical process of education (Likhachev);education, training, education, creative development and socialization of the individual (Andreev).
Sources Science Development
- Experience, based on the centuries-old practice, education, and fix a way of life, traditions and customs.
- Proceedings of the philosophers, social scientists, psychologists and educators.
- The principles of the current practice of education.
- Data obtained thanks to a specially-designed studies.
- Experience of teachers-innovators, developing the original system and the idea of education.
Tasks
view science is designed to promote research to increase the stock of developments, discoveries and the construction of models of education and educational systems.This scientific problems.As far as practical, that among them are education and training of students.In addition, the tasks are divided into temporary and permanent.The former include the organization of libraries, electronic textbooks, work on the pedagogical standards of professionalism, highlighting the major stressors in the work of teachers, development of didactic base of education of persons with poor health, the development of innovative technologies and the training of future teachers, etc.Among the regular tasks are the following: identification of patterns in the field of training, education, educational management and educational systems;study the experience of pedagogical activity;Work on new techniques, forms, tools, systems of education and training;Forecasting transformations in the educational process in the near and distant future;implementation of the results obtained in the course of research into practice.
functions
Pedagogy - the science, which is essential for the implementation of all educational and training functions on technological and theoretical levels.Consider the function of theoretical level:
- explanatory.Is to describe the teaching of facts, phenomena and processes, as well as in explaining under what conditions and why the processes of education take place in such a way and not otherwise.
- Diagnostic.It consists in the establishment of the state of certain pedagogical phenomena, the effectiveness of teachers and students, as well as in determining the reasons for success.
- predictive.It lies in the evidentiary anticipation of training and educational activities, including both theoretical and practical elements.
Regarding the technological level, it involves the following functions:
- projective associated with the development of methodological basis (manuals, guidelines, plans, programs).
- converting aimed at introduction of achievements in educational and pedagogical educational practices with a view to its improvement and transformation.
- reflexive and the adjustment, involving assessment of the impact of the research on teaching practice.
- upbringing and education, realized through education, training and personal development.
basic rules and principles of pedagogy
Science can be called mature only when it reveals the essence of the most discussed phenomena and it is able to predict the transformation in the field and phenomena, and spirit.
Under phenomena involve specific events, processes or practices that express the reality and external parties are a form of manifestation of a certain entity.The latter, in turn, is the set of relations, deep connections and domestic laws establishing the characteristics and direction of development of material systems.
no theoretical analysis of the principles, rules and laws of pedagogy is not possible to organize an effective educational and pedagogical practice.Currently, there are the following laws of the science in question:
- the unity and integrity of the pedagogical process.
- The relationship of theoretical and practical components.
- both developing and bringing up training.
- social orientation purposes.
As argued VIAndreev, pedagogical principle is one of the scientific categories, extending the base of regulations, based on the established laws and methodology for characterizing the solution of pedagogical problems of a certain class.According to PIPidkasistyĭ, pedagogical principle - a basic guideline, which implies a sequence of actions in the sense of permanence, and not another.
- The principle of consciousness and activity of the individual in the learning process is based on the knowledge that the learning process will be effective with the active participation of students in learning activities.
- The principle of systematic training is based on a particular system of teaching and learning, which structures the material, based on cause and effect and ancestral ties to the position of separation of private and common.
- Adhering to the principle of consistency, teachers provide students the dynamics of promotion ideas from the known to the unknown, from the simple to the complex, etc.
- According to the principle of availability of training, the selection of teaching materials is based on the optimal ratio of entertaining and complexity, as well as information about the age of the students and their level of practical and mental actions.
- On the principle of the scientific content of the studied materials must be familiar with the theory, the objective facts and laws.
rules of pedagogy - Guidelines on certain issues of training and education.Following them ensures the formation of the optimal tactics and promotes the effectiveness of different kinds of solutions of pedagogical problems.
Individual teacher can rightfully be called valuable if it is properly combined with other obeying this or that principle.For example, in order to implement the principle of activity and consciousness of the teacher recommended to adhere to the following rules:
- pay attention to explain the goals and objectives of future activities;
- to engage in the formation of students' motivation and build on them;
- refer to the intuition and life experience students;
- use visual examples to illustrate the new material;
- to see to it to make it understood every word.
pedagogical value - it rules governing the activity of the teacher and acting as a cognitive system as a mediating and liaison between established world-society in the field of education and of teachers.They are formed historically and fixed as a form of social consciousness.
Branches and Sections
In the development of any science is expanding its theoretical basis, it receives new content and generates an internal differentiation of the most important areas of research.Today, the concept of "pedagogy" involves a whole system of sciences:
- General Pedagogy.This discipline is the base.She has been researching the basic laws of education, developing the basics of learning processes in educational institutions of all types.Said discipline consists of an introduction to the teaching activities, the general principles, didactics, theory of management of educational systems, methodology, pedagogy, philosophy and history of education.
- Age pedagogy aims to explore the characteristics of individual education at various age levels.Depending on the characteristics of the distinguished perinatal, nursery, pre-school pedagogy, as well as secondary schools, vocational and secondary education, pedagogy of higher education, and pedagogy androgogics third age.
- Special pedagogy develops the theoretical foundations, principles, methods, forms and means of education and training of individuals with impaired physical and mental development.Its members include such topics as surdo-, tiflo-, Correctional pedagogics.
- Thanks to the professional pedagogy made theoretical foundation and development of the principles of education and upbringing of a person employed in a particular field of work.Depending on the specific area of isolated industrial, military, engineering, medical, sports and military pedagogy.
- Social pedagogy.This discipline has been studying the laws of social upbringing and education of children.Social pedagogy includes practical and theoretical developments in the field of non-formal education as a, and education for children and adults.
- Task therapeutic pedagogy - the development of the sphere of education activities with weak or sick students.
- gender pedagogy is considering ways to create a comfortable environment for the children in the school and ways of solving the problems of socialization.
- Ethnopedagogics identifies patterns and characteristics of the national and ethnic education on the basis of archaeological, ethnographic, ethno-linguistic and sociological methods.
- Through parenting principles, a system of education and upbringing of children in the family.
- The task of comparative education - study regularities of the development and functioning of the educational and training systems of different countries.
- corrective labor pedagogy theoretically justifies the re-options of persons in custody.
close relationship
Psychology in pedagogy is used to describe, interpret and organize the facts.In addition, the science in question is inextricably linked to the physiology as to identify control mechanisms of mental and physical development of pupils, it is important to take into account patterns of activity of organisms.The most complex relationship established between pedagogy and economics.The latter is able to influence the development of education of the society.
