abundance of secrets hidden in the history of the world, and so far the researchers do not leave hopes to discover something new in the known facts.Waves and seem unusual moments when you realize that once on the same land on which we walk today, dinosaurs lived, fought knights camped ancient people.World history is the basis of his periodization lays two principles that are relevant for the development of the human race - the material for the production of tools and manufacturing technology.In accordance with these principles, the concepts of "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", "iron" age.Each of periodization was a step in the development of mankind, another round of evolution and the knowledge of human capabilities.Of course, that history was not totally passive moments.Since the dawn of antiquity to the present day there is a regular updating of knowledge and the development of new methods for producing useful materials.
World history first dating methods and time periods
Natural sciences have become a tool for dating time intervals.In particular, we can lead the radiocarbon method, geological dating, dendrochronology.The rapid development of ancient people allowed to improve existing technologies.About 5 thousand years ago when I started writing period in the history of mankind, there were other prerequisites for dating, which was based on the existence of a variety of states and civilizations.Roughly believe that the period of isolation of man from the animal world began about two million years ago, until the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which occurred in 476 AD, the period went Antiquities.Prior to the beginning of the Renaissance were the Middle Ages.By the end of the First World War lasted between modern history, and now it's time to date.Historians different times put their "anchor" frames of reference, such as Herodotus paid special attention to the fight against Asia and Europe.Scientists later period was considered a major event in the development of civilization, the statement of the Roman Republic.Many historians agree in their assumption that the Iron Age culture and art of great value were not, as in the first place came the instruments of war and labor.
Background era metal
in prehistory isolated stone age, comprising the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic.Each of the periods marked by the development of man and his innovations in the stone processing.At first, the guns most widespread hand-ax.Later, there were stone tools from the elements, but not the whole nodule.In this period, the development of the fire, creating the first clothes from animal skins, the first religious cults and improvement of housing.During the period of semi-nomadic lifestyle and human hunting large animals require more sophisticated weapons.A further stage of development of technologies of processing of stones fell on the turn of the millennium and the end of the Stone Age, when spread agriculture and animal husbandry, there is ceramic production.In an era of metal and copper have been mastered the technology of its processing.Beginning of the Iron Age has laid a front for the future.The study of the properties of metals consistently led to the discovery of bronze and its dissemination.Century stone, bronze, iron - is a harmonious development of humankind, based on the mass movements of people.
Evidence of the duration of the era
Distribution of iron refers to the primitive and early class history.Characteristic features of the period are developments in metallurgy and manufacture of guns.Even in the ancient world view formed on the classification of the ages according to the material.Early Iron Age studied and continue to study, scientists in various fields.In Western Europe, three-dimensional works produced
Gёrnesom, Montelius, Tishler, Reinecke, Kostshevskim and so on. D. In Eastern Europe, the relevant textbooks, monographs and maps on the history of the ancient world produced Gorodtsov, Spitcin, Gautier, Tretyakov, Smirnov, Artamonov, Grakov.Often considered the spread of iron characteristic of the culture of primitive tribes that lived outside of civilization.In fact, all countries at one time experienced the Iron Age.The Bronze Age in this case was a prerequisite.He did not hold such a vast time in history.Chronologically, the Iron Age period lasts from 9th to 7th century BC.At this time many of the tribes of Europe and Asia received a boost to the development of its own iron metallurgy.Since the metal remains the most important material production, and the present is part of this century.
Culture period
development of production and distribution of iron logically led to the modernization of culture and of social life.There were economic conditions for working relationships and the disintegration of the tribal way of life.Ancient History says the accumulation of values, rising income inequality and mutually beneficial exchange parties.Widely distributed fortifications began the formation of a class society and the state.More funds transferred to private ownership select few, there was slavery and the stratification of society has progressed.
As the age of metal proved in the USSR?
At the end of the second millennium BC in the territory of the Union appeared iron.Among the most ancient places of developments can be noted western Georgia and the South Caucasus.Early Iron Age monuments preserved in the southern European part of the USSR.But the mass popularity metallurgy got here in the first millennium BC, as evidenced by a number of archaeological artifacts from the Bronze Age in the Caucasus, cultural relics of the North Caucasus and the Black Sea, and others. In the implementation of the excavations of Scythian settlements were found priceless monuments of the Early Iron Age.The findings made in the settlement Kamenka near Nikopol.
history materials in Kazakhstan
Historically, the Iron Age is divided into two periods.This is an early, which lasted from the 8th to the 3rd century BC, and the latter, which lasted from 3 century BC to the 6th century AD.Each country has its history during the spread of iron, but the features of this process are highly dependent on the region.Thus, the iron age on the territory of Kazakhstan was marked by developments in three main areas.In South Kazakhstan widespread cattle and irrigated agriculture.Climatic conditions in Western Kazakhstan did not expect employment in agriculture.And the North, East and Central Kazakhstan was inhabited by people, adapted to the harsh winter.These three regions, radically different in terms of residence, became the basis for the creation of three Kazakh zhuzes.South Kazakhstan became a place of education Zhuz.Earth's northern, eastern and central Kazakhstan has become a haven of the Middle Juz.West Kazakhstan is the Junior Horde.
Iron Age in Central Kazakhstan
Boundless steppes of Central Asia have long been the residence of nomads.It's ancient history is represented by burial mounds, which are priceless monuments of the Iron Age.Very often in the region met with mounds painted or "antennae" operating, according to scientists, the functions of the lighthouse and a compass in the desert.It attracts the attention of historians tasmolinskaya culture, so named for the area in the Pavlodar region, which recorded the first excavations of man and horse in big and small mound.Archaeologists believe Kazakhstan mounds tasmolinskoy most common cultural monuments of the Early Iron Age.
Features Culture of Northern Kazakhstan
This region is characterized by the presence of cattle.Local residents from employment in farming have moved to a settled and nomadic lifestyle.Tasmolinskaya culture and is revered in this region.The attention of researchers monuments of early Iron Age burial mounds attract Birlik Alypkash, Bekteniz and three settlements: Karlyga, Borki and Kenotkel.On the right bank of the Yesil preserved fortified Iron Age.Development here has received the art of smelting and processing of non-ferrous metals.Produced metal products were transported to Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.Kazakhstan for several centuries ahead of its neighbors in the development of ancient metallurgy and so has become a communicator between the metallurgical centers of the country, in Siberia and Eastern Europe.
«keepers of the gold»
Lofty mounds of East Kazakhstan mainly accumulated in Shiliktinskoy Valley.There are more than fifty.In 1960, a study was conducted the largest of the mounds, which are called Golden.Erected a monument to the Iron Age in the 8-9 century BC.Zaisan district of East Kazakhstan allows you to explore more than two hundred of the largest burial mounds, of which 50 are referred to the king, and may contain gold.In Shiliktinskoy Valley is the oldest in the land of Kazakhstan royal tombs of the 8th century BC, which was opened by Professor Toleubayeva.Among the archaeologists this discovery caused a noise exactly like the third "golden man" of Kazakhstan.He was buried in the clothes decorated with 4325 gold curly plates.The most interesting find - a pentagonal star with lazuritnymi rays.This object symbolizes the power and greatness.This was more proof that Shilikty, Besshatyr, Issyk, Berel, Boraldai - the sacred place of the ritual ceremonies, sacrifices and prayers.
Early Iron Age culture of nomads
documentary evidence of the ancient culture of Kazakhstan there are not many.Chance of information obtained from archaeological sites and excavations.About nomads lot said about the song and dance.We should also mention the skill in the manufacture of ceramic vessels and paintings on silver bowls.Distribution of iron in the home, and the production was the impetus for the improvement of a unique heating system: the chimney, which was laid horizontally along the wall, gradually warming up the house.The nomads invented a lot of the usual things like today for domestic use and for use in wartime.They have come up with pants, stirrups, yurt and curved saber.For the protection of horses have been developed metal shells.Defense same warrior provide iron armor.
Achievements and opening period
Iron Age was the third in line for the Stone and Bronze.But the value is undoubtedly considered to be the first.Until modern times the iron remains the material basis of all human inventions.All of the important discoveries in the field of production associated with its use.This metal has a higher melting point than copper.Pure natural iron does not exist, and to implement the process of smelting ore is very difficult because of its refractoriness.This metal has become a cause of global changes in the life of the steppe tribes.Compared with previous eras archaeological Iron Age is the shortest, but the most effective.Initially, humanity learned meteoritic iron.Some original and jewelry out of it have been found in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor.Chronologically, these relics can be traced to the first half of the third millennium BC.In the second millennium BC, it has been developed technology for producing iron from ore, but still quite a long time the metal was considered malorasprostranёnnym and costly.
widespread production of weapons and weapons of iron began to be engaged in Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and India.The distribution of this metal and steel provoked the technical revolution that extends the power of man over nature.Now, simplified clearing large areas of forest for crops.Operational tools, modernization and improvement of working the land.Consequently, quickly learn new crafts, especially the blacksmith and armory.We do not stand aside shoemakers, who have received more advanced tools.Masons and miners began to work more efficiently.
summarizing the Iron Age, it can be noted that at the beginning of our era were already in the course of all the main types of hand tools (except for the hinge screws and scissors).Through the use of iron in the production it has become much more simple construction of roads, a step forward has advanced military equipment, and metal coins entered circulation.Iron Age accelerated and provoked the disintegration of the primitive communal system, and the formation of a class society and the state.Many communities in this period adhered to the so-called military democracy.
Possible ways of
worth noting that meteoric iron in small quantities still existed in Egypt, but the distribution of the metal has been made possible with the beginning of smelting.Initially, iron melted only when required.So, it was found fragments of metal inclusions in the monuments of Syria and Iraq, which were built no later than 2700 years BC.But after the 11th century BC, the master blacksmith Eastern Anatolia know the science of the systematic production of objects made of iron.The secrets and subtleties of a new science kept secret and handed down from generation to generation.The first historical finds, confirming the widespread use of metal to make tools, recorded in Israel, namely, Gerar near Gaza.There was found a huge number of hoes, sickles and iron openers dating back to the period after the year 1200 BC.Also, archaeological sites have been discovered furnaces.
Special metal processing technology belong to the masters of Western Asia, which they borrowed from the master of Greece, Italy and the rest of Europe.British technical revolution can be attributed to the period after the year 700 BC, with where he started and developed very smoothly.Egypt and North Africa have shown interest in the development of the metal at about the same time, with further transfer skills to the South.Chinese craftsmen almost completely abandoned the bronze, preferring peeled iron.European colonists brought their knowledge about metal processing technology in Australia and New World.After the invention of bellows iron castings it was spread on a massive scale.Cast iron has become an indispensable material for producing all kinds of household items and military equipment, which was the impetus for the development of productive industry.
