history of our country, for that matter, any other, is the process of socio-economic and political development with elements of the struggle between the classes, some of whom were in a privileged position, and others - in a completely opposite direction.Such caste peasants and treated chernososhnye possessory and Russia and later the Russian Empire.
nuances of Russian historical process
order to experience the peasant question, it is necessary to understand how the process went feudalization and capitalization in our country.In contrast to Europe, these important events in Russia took place with some delay.There were several objective reasons, the most important, however, was the invasion of the Tatars.If you compare similar processes feudalization Russia and Europe doordynskogo period, it can be said of a large degree of similarity between them.But further way completely disagree: if the West serfdom was to die in the thirteenth-fourteenth century, that in Russia it is only beginning to strengthen.This is especially noticeable at the end of the fourteenth century.It was after a gradual liberation from dependence on the Horde enhanced aspirations feudal peasants tied to their farms.Over the following centuries, this process only grow in magnitude.
Limbo differentiation
inequality has emerged in the ancient state, then there were purchased, ryadovichi.These were people still personally free, but it was economically dependent.The rich and noble ancient Russians sought to turn them into completely dependent, but it turned out that with varying degrees of success.However, if there is a special category of people-almost powerless slaves.But to call this process of enslavement is impossible - it's just his origins, which were already mentioned dimmed the Mongol invasion.However, the establishment of the feudal control of the peasant class was not completely stopped, just slowed it.In the XII-XIV centuries the peasants there right St. George's Day, which allowed them to once a year to change the owner, to pay him compensation (the elderly).State and Grand Duke, and then the king did not remain aloof from the process.On the one hand, they protect the interests of the feudal lords, and on the other - to expand their land holdings.The peasants who live there and settle there, and it was chernososhnye peasants.
Legalization peasant depending
These transitions lords looked with great displeasure, as repeatedly stated power.Supreme power considered its main support layer of large, medium and small nobility, so was forced to reckon with the discontent of the people.Chernososhnyh peasants tend to be at lower operation and were related only taxes and duties in favor of the small states, so it is understandable desire of privately farmers to change their status.Legislative rights of peasants go Sudebnik was established in 1497.Subsequent developments, in particular expanding aristocratic Boyar opposition led to a new Sudebnik 1550 article about the increase in the elderly.Although generally preserved St. George's Day, but the payment for the transfer has increased significantly, which was for many peasant families excessive amount.Thus, the authorities hoped to find a compromise solution, giving feudal estates, but not completely ignoring the interests of the peasants.
"Take that, Grandma, and St. George's Day!"
rural population of the European North and Siberia - is preserved to the end of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century chernososhnye peasants.The definition of this term can be summarized as follows: peasants are dependent on the state, but personally free, living in the domain of the ruler.Other their name - state peasants.This era was the center of the country's entire land.It was promoted by the policy of Ivan IV.The Livonian War that followed then oprichnina led to utter desolation of the central and southern part of the European part of the country.Therefore, in 1581 there was a decree "On protected years," which meant a temporary ban on transfer of peasants to the other owners.Although the authorities have issued it for a temporary measure, however, after this transition, the peasants were no more.
The era of serfdom
policy only aggravates Then, in 1597 issued a decree "On the time limit years", which included spying runaway peasants, and returning them to the owner within five years, with the passage of time, this period only increased.In 1649 it was decided Conciliar The Code, a new set of state laws that have actually banned the change of the owner and the period of spying runaway peasants became indefinite.This date is considered to be the final episode of establishing control over the peasants of feudal lords in Russia serfdom was established, but not all farmers have become possessory.The population of rural units, which proved at the time of the adoption of Law Code in the country, owned by the royal family, were not serfs, while remaining free - that's who the chernososhnye peasants.But the term itself derives its name from the tax - the black plow.
