among the peasant class of 18-19 centuries stand out the most diverse groups.Of particular interest are ascribed possessional and peasants.It's a big part of the peasantry, which is officially considered to be property of the state, but in reality been subjected to severe exploitation by the owners of factories and factories.
story of the category of bonded peasants
XVII century in the history of Russia is the time of the birth of the first sprouts of capitalism.By the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, is the emergence of manufactories, including mining in the Urals.From this fact and the appearance of related concepts such as ascribed peasants.This is explained by the need to use the workers to the new enterprises in the conditions just finalized (in 1649) of serfdom.All the peasants of the period was divided into two major groups: the serfs and chernososhnye (state).
first were not free to be hired, the latter were reluctant to metallurgical work due to the weight of labor.In conditions of severe shortage of workers businessmen appealed to the state.The latter began to ascribe to plants state peasants on condition that the breeders will have to pay for the poll tax and dues.In the future the practice of attributing extended to state factories.
position of the peasants attributed to factories
Initially working peasants assigned to the factories, were seen as boon - that is, part-time temporary help in the work of the factory, such as: haul firewood, coal, iron ore, iron.It was assumed that farmers will have to work out the amount that breeders pay the state to repay their dues.But gradually things changed.The factory administration is more and more attracted to working off of peasants, many of them became miners.This additional work is paid, but at a minimum.Ascribed peasants under Peter 1 began to get monotonous charge across Russia for work in factories during summer field work.The farmer with a horse - 10 cents, and horseless - 5 cents.But, as usual in Russia, the laws are not always enforced.And since it was necessary to apply to work for every "man's soul", the adult family member able to work for a year at the factory for the old father, young sons.Through time, the factory administration secured the right to punish them subservient workers.Ascribed peasants is seen as enslavement.You're a lot of written sources with complaints of breeders and more important argument is their participation in anti-government movements, especially in the Pugachev rebellion.Thus, the position of the peasants attributed to the plant, it is possible to equate to serfdom.
possessional peasants
since 1649 stuck a monopoly of noblemen and boyars in the possession of the peasants, including the possibility of buying and selling.But Peter 1 faced with the need to help the nascent bourgeoisie in addressing issues related to labor for their factories.Therefore, in 1721 a law was passed allowing for factories to buy peasants nobles held their private businesses.This social group is called possessional peasants.They could not sell or mortgage separate from the plant and use their labor to foreign works.Thus, feudal state solved the problem of a shortage of labor for the young Russian industry.So, in the 18th century ascribed peasants - this is not possessional.In the future, the ratio of terms varies.
Registration Cards and possessional peasants in the 19th century
the end of the 18th century, the government stopped the practice of attributing to the plants of the state peasants.This explains the constant unrest in the Urals and complaints to the hosts.In 1807, Alexander I took a step toward the elimination of this group of farmers.Most of them are exempt from mandatory work for the benefit of the plant, it remained the minimum necessary to ensure continuous operation.Unfortunately, this provision applied only to the Urals.In accordance with Regulation 1807 disappears term "ascribed the peasants."This, however, did not mean the eradication of the exploitation of peasants in the factories at all.A limited number of farmers, the remaining subordinate breeders, began to be called "the indispensable employees."They officially became equated possessional peasants.Only after the abolition of serfdom Ural industry and other factories were forced to move to hired labor.
Some statistics
first fact of registration of the peasants to the factories dates back to the year 1633, in quantitative terms, they were a little more than three hundred people.Most actively this process took place in the first half of the 18th century, after the modernization of Peter.By the end of the 18th century, this category accounted for more than 312,000 people.After the 1861 reform, more than 170 thousand farmers received possessional the will of the king-deliverer.
