Regardless of the attitude of scientists of a particular time to the division of the whole historical process, in general, there is little doubt today that the initial stage of formation of the company was the primitive communal system.The period covered is vast time span.It began with the appearance of humans on Earth, and continued until the formation of the first government agencies and class groups.
Man and Society
Any society is a certain degree in the entire organism.This system is characterized by a different level of settlement organization and ordering of interactions within it.This suggests that any form of social order presupposes the existence of a specific management structure (social power).In addition, the regulatory process is a characteristic of human behavior by certain rules and regulations.The primitive communal society there was more than a million years.It was the longest historical stage.
Social and Management
From the moment that there is a society at once there is a need to establish control.While primitive society every member of society had their own interests, without the consent of that society could not exist.This is due to the fact that they played a decisive personal control.Man and society can not exist separately from each other.Providing normal life, as well as the progressive development of social relationships need to be combined with personal interests.In this case, society will seek to achieve the common good.However, it should be noted that the connection is possible with a combination of individual and social benefits.Such a combination is achieved mainly due to the presence in society of rules of behavior and power, putting into practice and ensuring those rules.Depending on who has a leading role in the management, formed patriarchy, matriarchy and equality.In the second case, power is concentrated in the hands of women.One of the characteristic signs of the earliest building is the name of a matriarchy.What is this system?Let us continue.
Determination
So matriarchy - what is it?The very notion has Greek roots.Literally translated as "the rule of the mother."Another name for this power - ginekokratiya.As already mentioned, the history of matriarchy thing of the past.This concept is used in determining the type of government that was formed exclusively of women or in which the dominant role belonged to them.How did the term has appeared - "matriarchy"?What is the rule given to women?
emergence of hypotheses
assumption of the existence ginekokratii associated with such researchers, Morgan, Bachofen, Lafite.In Soviet archeology, history, anthropology, ethnography, the idea of the existence of matriarchy absolutely not questioned for a very long time.But studies conducted later confirmed the hypothesis matritsentrirovannom society at the earliest stages of the agricultural era.Most experts agree, affecting the term "matriarchy" that this is the framework within which women not only attained power.Their dominance began to exceed the social recognition authority and the authority of men.Some authors in their writings, meanwhile, deny the existence of at least one society, which would be a clear dominance of women over a long period.While others find proof that now there is a "modern matriarchy."What are the causes of this social system?
How did matriarchy?
What is the structure we found.Now we should understand what factors have contributed to the system.Some researchers, including opponents of the hypothesis of the existence of a stage in the development of society, recognize, however, that a strengthening of the status of women in reality are often mentioned in the initial stages of the farming culture.According to some authors, "gardening", hoe soil cultivation has gone from collecting.And this type of activity, in turn, was considered a typically female occupation.Over time, it increased the value of agriculture.And along with this increased role of women in society.Subsequently arable soil cultivation has replaced the hoe.At the same time it decreased and the role of women.Matriarchy in primitive society could exist in different forms.However, regardless of this structure had its own characteristics.They allow to distinguish it from others.
Signs of
There are several features under which we can talk about matriarchal society: matriliny and matrilocal.Equally important is a sign of how avunkulizm.It's such a family system in which the role of the head belongs to his uncle on his mother's side.In some cases, as a feature of society, which is dominated by a woman, stands polyandry, guest or group marriage.Matriarchy in the family so undeniable and evident sign of how mother right.It is clearly acting in a divorce.In this case, the children remain with the mother or her family.In addition, the procedure for the distribution of property and inheritance is also transmitted through the female line.These are the main features that distinguish matriarchy and patriarchy.
This is not to say that men do not have the privileges and rights.They can live with their maternal sisters and their children.Uterine brothers and sisters at the same time will be considered relatives.In general we can say that the family is not formed around a father and mother around.But for all their differences matriarchy and patriarchy have much in common.For example, men, irrespective of the living conditions, perform the same task.In particular, their function is to ensure the protection, the decision of complex issues, parenting.
matrilocality structure
Society in this case, there are about two hundred, three hundred people.They were all close relatives in the female line.Inside a tribal group, there are many small structures.They consist usually of the traditional mother, her children and grandchildren.Of these, in fact, formed clan, collectively owning communal land.At the head of the whole of the structure is the oldest woman, and in some cases - its blood half-brother.The land is considered to be the collective property.The rest of the property owned by women.It is inherited from the mother's daughters.As a rule, in a kind of marriage is forbidden - in order to avoid inbreeding.Therefore, this structure was in a relationship with another group.Between them there was an exchange of bride and groom.
Separation by sex
This option is the existence of the society involves the formation of two groups within the same species.In one accommodated exclusively males and the other, respectively, of women.Each subsystem had its own leader.For both groups was characterized by autonomy.It should be noted that in the matriarchal system in which the formation of a religious painting was under the influence of paganism, dominated by female deities, which was led by the great Mother Goddess.As an example Shaktism - one of the earliest areas of Hinduism - the cult of Astarte, the goddess of ancient Mesopotamia.As time has come to replace the matriarchy patriarchy.In this regard, the female pantheon of deities was replaced by the male.Goddess began to lose its religious and religious significance, becoming in the secondary characters of the ancient religious mythology.As a result, the throne of the Goddess Mother goes to God the Father.It should be noted that the matriarchal way society met at various times throughout almost all parts of the world, different nationalities inhabiting Africa, Asia, Europe, America (both South and North).
Ancient sources
ancient Greek myths about the existence of the Amazons can be traced to the earliest information about matriarchal societies.For a long time it was thought that these stories - fiction writers of antiquity.But recently, the existence of societies of militant women living without husbands and educate their daughters in the military spirit was still inconclusive.
Archaeologists have discovered burial mounds.The graves of notable women were laid swords, arrows, bows, precious weapon.This points directly to the fact that they were engaged in a military craft.In the Voronezh region in 1998, it was found six such graves.They were buried in women aged 20 to 25 years (it should be noted that the average life expectancy at the time was no more than forty years).All found Amazon had an average growth and the current figure.The graves, but arms were found parts of the spindle, precious earrings, comb made of bone with the image of a cheetah.Almost every grave was silver or bronze mirror.Judging by the way they were deformed thighs, it can be concluded that women have traveled on horseback.
Many graves were found and the remains of the men.The analysis of the genetic material in existence has allowed to establish the floor of the nomads, who were found in the burial mounds of the Volga.During some excavation was discovered more than a hundred arrow points precisely in the female burial.In many ways the researchers concluded that there was buried a very distinguished woman.All this suggests that the girls warriors walked alongside men in battle, and in some cases, perhaps, or the generals themselves were queens, playing the role of commander in chief.
strong matriarchal traditions present in the governance structure Massaget nationalities.Sufficiently convincing evidence of significant role of women in the life of tribes considered the Karakalpak epic poem "Forty girls" ("Kirk Kiz").It tells of the exploits of many female warriors.It should be said that the motive of women can be seen in the epic hero of many nationalities.However, the story of the squad warriors present in Central Asia exclusively in Karakalpak.Attention is drawn to the fact that the features of a woman warrior can be traced not only in poems and stories, but also in ceremonial dress of the bride.Karakalpak before the beginning of the 20th century preserved the rituals and traditions dating back to ancient stratum of their development, which many researchers have just linked to matriarchy.
Research
Gita Gotner-Abendort in his writings defines matriarchy widely.One of his books, the author presented as "a study of societies formed outside the principles of patriarchy."In other words, Gotner-Abendort matriarchal system defines as a society in which the domination of men by gender minimized or non-existent.These findings confirm archeological excavations on the island of Sumatra and research life Minangkabau tribe, which has kept the tradition and the cult of the mother of the tribal system.It should be noted that in this case within the control of the tribe dominant role belonged exclusively to the woman.Men do not actually have the rights and were considered "outsiders".A somewhat different situation was in the Moso tribe living on the territory of Sichuan province.The tribe preserve traditional matriarchal system.Despite the dominant role of women, men perform no less important task: they pray for the welfare, responsible for the rituals.And their voice in important decisions and discussing issues of breeding is not the last.
Power women today
Matriarchy in the world today is preserved only in some areas of Southeast and South Asia, Tibet, Africa.It must be said that even in these structures domination of women now considered to be a relative.In such a system, for example, people living ranathari inhabiting Nepal and India, Garo, Khasi, minangkbau and others.In these tribes, together with the high status of women occurs polyandry (polyandry).Certain features of a true matriarchy survived and Tuareg.Here and there matrilocality matriliny.In addition, women are endowed with a high right to take part in solving social problems of breeding.In Tuareg till today holds a clear distinction of male and female writing.
Conclusion
believed that matriarchy is a reflection of a sufficiently low level of development of society.In contrast seems society where the dominant role is played by a man.It is believed that the patriarchate - a more progressive type of social structure.However, many modern systems, dominated by men, still in a state of savagery and ignorance.They are infinitely distant from the achievements of the modern world civilization.These peoples are still living in tents and caves.So, to say that society has moved from matriarchy to humanity, it is not true and correct.The primacy of man in the social structure did not say that the system has the ability to develop in the cultural, technical or scientific terms.At the same time, one can not be said about the role of women in public administration.For example, it can be considered indicative of the monarchy in Russia.As is known, the power of hereditary and often reign passed to women.During these periods, according to many researchers, it is clearly manifested matriarchy in Russia.Although, undoubtedly, many male rulers deserve great respect.
