The circulatory system is an important part of our body.Without it impossible livelihoods of human organs and tissues.Blood nourishes our body with oxygen and participates in all the metabolic reactions.The vessels and veins that transport is carried out "energy fuel", play an important role, so even the smallest capillaries to work in full force.
important only to heart
In order to understand the vascular system of the heart, you need to know a little of its structure.Four-man's heart is divided by a partition into two halves: the left and right.In each half there atrium and ventricle.They also shared the partition, but with the valves, allowing the heart to pump blood.Venous unit represented by four veins of the heart: two vessels (upper and lower vena cava) fall into the right atrium and the left - two lung.
circulatory system to the heart is represented by more aorta and the pulmonary trunk.In the aorta, extending from the left ventricle, blood flows to all the organs and tissues of human body, except the lungs.From the right ventricle pulmonary artery blood moves in a small circle of blood circulation, the supply bronchi and alveoli of the lungs.That is how the blood circulates in the body.
Venous unit of the heart: superior vena Vienna
As the heart of a small volume, and the vascular device also provides middle-sized, but the thick-walled veins.The anterior mediastinum heart is lived, formed by the merger of the left and right brachiocephalic veins.It is called the upper hollow Vienna and refers to the systemic circulation.Its diameter reaches 25 mm and a length of 5 to 7.5 cm.
upper vena Vienna located deep enough in the pericardial cavity.To the left of the vessel is ascending aorta and the right - the mediastinal pleura.Behind it stands the front surface of the root of the right lung.Thymus gland and right lung located on the front.This is quite a close relationship fraught with compression and, therefore, deterioration of blood circulation.
upper vena Vienna falls into the right atrium at the level of the second rib and collects blood from the head, neck, upper parts of the chest and arms.There is no doubt that this small vessel is of great importance in the human bloodstream.What
vessels represented by the system of superior vena cava?
carrying blood veins are close to the heart, so the relaxation of the heart chambers as if they attach themselves to it.Due to these peculiar movements, the system creates a lot of pressure of a negative character.
vessels included in the superior vena cava:
- several wires extending from the wall of the abdomen;
- vessels feeding the neck and chest;
- veins of the shoulder girdle and hands;
- veins of the head and neck area.
Mergers and confluence
What are tributaries of the superior vena cava?The main tributaries can be called brachiocephalic vein (right and left), formed as a result of the merger of the internal jugular and subclavian veins and do not have valves.Due to the constant low pressure in them there is the risk of getting air in the wound.The left brachiocephalic Vienna passes back the handle of the sternum and thymus, and behind it is brachiocephalic trunk and the left carotid artery.Right eponymous circulatory thread begins its journey from the sternoclavicular joint and is adjacent to the upper edge of the right pleura.
influx is also unpaired Vienna, which is equipped with a valve in its mouth.This Vienna originates in the abdomen and then passes on the right side of the vertebral bodies and through the diaphragm, following behind the esophagus to the confluence with the superior vena cava.She collects the blood from the intercostal veins and thoracic organs.Lies unpaired Vienna on the right of the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
anomalies of the heart there is extra left upper hollow Vienna.In such cases, it can be considered disabled influx, which does not bear the load on the hemodynamics.
vessels of head and neck in the
internal jugular Vienna - a rather large vein entering in the superior vena cava.It was she who collects the blood from the veins of the head and neck part.It begins near the jugular foramen of the skull and, going down forms with the vagus nerve and the common carotid artery neurovascular bundle.
inflows jugular vein divided into intracranial and extracranial.For intracranial are:
- meningeal veins;
- diploic vein (feeding bones of the skull);
- vessels carrying blood to the eyes;
- vein labyrinth (inner ear);
- veins of the brain.
By diploic veins include: temporal (back and front), frontal, occipital.These veins carry blood into the sinus dura and have no valves.
extracranial tributaries are:
- front Vienna, carrying blood from the labial folds, cheeks, earlobes;
- zanizhnechelyustnaya Vienna.
pharyngeal vein, superior thyroid veins and lingual flow in the internal jugular vein in the middle third of the neck to the right.
Vienna's upper limbs included in
On hand veins are divided into deep, underlying muscles and superficial, passing almost immediately beneath the skin.
Blood flows from the fingertips to the rear brush vein, followed by venous plexus, the image of the surface vessels.The head and the main vein - it is the subcutaneous vessels of the hands.The main Vienna originates from the palmar arch and the venous plexus of the brush on the back side.It passes through the medial forearm vein and forms an elbow that is used for intravenous injections.
Vienna palmar arcs are divided into two deep elbow and beam of the vessel, which merge near the elbow joint, and obtained two shoulder vein.Then the shoulder vessels pass into the axillary.Subclavian Vienna continues axillary and has no branches.It is connected to the fascia and the periosteum of the first rib, thereby increasing its clearance for a show of hands.Blood supply of the vein is equipped with two valves.
Vessels chest
intercostal veins lie in the intercostal spaces and collect blood from the chest cavity and partially the anterior abdominal wall.The influx of these vessels are the back and intervertebral veins.They are formed from vertebrates plexus, located inside the spinal canal.
Vertebrates plexus are interconnected multiple anastomosing vessels extending from the foramen magnum to the top of the sacrum.In the upper part of the vertebral column of small plexus grow into larger and flow into the veins of the spine and neck.
reasons compression of the superior vena cava
reasons for this disease, as the superior vena cava syndrome are pathological processes such as:
- cancer (adenocarcinoma, lung cancer);
- metastases in breast cancer;
- tuberculosis;
- retrosternal goiter of the thyroid gland;
- syphilis;Soft tissue sarcoma
- and others.
often impaction occurs due to germination of malignant tumors in the wall of the vein or its metastasis.Thrombosis can also cause an increase in pressure in the lumen of the vessel to 250-500mm.rt.st that is fraught with rupture of the veins, and the death of a person.
How does the syndrome?
Symptoms of the syndrome can develop quickly without warning.It occurs when the upper vena Vienna clogged atherosclerotic thrombus.In most cases, symptoms increase gradually.The patient appears:
- headache and dizziness;
- cough with increasing shortness of breath;
- chest pain;
- nausea and dysphagia;
- change facial features;
- fainting;
- swelling of the veins in the chest and neck;
- swelling and puffiness of the face;
- cyanosis of the face or chest.
To diagnose the syndrome need to pass a bit of research.Well established radiography and Doppler ultrasound.With their help, you can spend the differentiation diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment.
