word "Pharaoh" owes its origin to the Greek language.It is noteworthy that it is found even in the Old Testament.
Mysteries of History
As the ancient legend, the first pharaoh of Egypt - Menes - and later became the most popular deity.However, in general, information about these rulers rather vague.We can not even claim that they were real.The most complete in this regard illuminated pre-dynastic period.Historians distinguish specific people who ruled Southern and Northern Egypt.
attributes
ancient pharaohs of Egypt are required to attend the coronation rite.The venue of traditional ceremonial action was Memphis.New divine rulers of the priests received the symbols of power.Among them was a tiara, scepter, whip, crown and cross.The last attribute was shaped like the letter "T" and was crowned with a loop, symbolizing life itself.
Sceptre is a short rod.Its upper end is curved.There was this attribute of power from a shepherd's staff.Such a thing could not only belong to the kings and gods, but also policymakers.
Features
ancient Pharaohs of Egypt, the sons of the Sun God, could not appear before the people with their heads uncovered.The main royal headdress was a crown.There are many varieties of this symbol of power, among which the white crown of Upper Egypt, the red crown "deshret" crown of Lower Egypt, as well as "pschent" - a double version, consisting of white and red crowns (symbolized the union of the two kingdoms).The power of Pharaoh in ancient Egypt even extends to the space - so strong was the admiration for each beneficiary of the creator of the world.However, it is wrong to say that all the pharaohs were despotic rulers and sole ruler of destinies.
Some images depicted ancient Egyptian pharaohs, their heads covered with scarves.This attribute was the royal gold with blue stripes.Often it hoisting the crown.
Appearance
According to tradition, the ancient pharaohs of Egypt were clean-shaven.Another distinctive feature of the foreign rulers - the beard, symbolizing virility and divine power.It is noteworthy that Hatshepsut also wore a beard, though the invoice.
Narmer
This Pharaoh is the representative of 0 or I dynasty.He ruled for around the end of the third millennium BC.Plate of Ierakonpole displays it as a ruler of lands united Upper and Lower Egypt.The mystery is why his name is not included in the royal lists.Some historians believe that Narmer and Menes - it is one and the same person.Until now, many are arguing about whether all the ancient pharaohs of Egypt are really nonfictional characters.
important argument in favor of the reality of Narmer are found objects such as a mace and reticulation.The oldest artifacts glorify the winner of Lower Egypt by the name Narmer.It is alleged that he was the forerunner of Menes.However, this theory has its opponents.
Menes
the first time to rule the whole country began to Menes.This marked the beginning of the pharaoh I dynasty.Based on archaeological evidence suggests that his reign had about 3050 BC.Translated from the ancient Egyptian's name means "strong", "strong".
tradition relating to the Ptolemaic era, tell of what Menes did much to unite the northern and southern parts of the country.In addition, his name was mentioned in the chronicles of Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Plutarch, Eliana, Diodorus and Manetho.It is believed that Menes - the founder of the Egyptian state, letters and cults.In addition, he initiated the construction of Memphis, where his residence and was located.
Menes was known as a wise politician and an experienced captain.However, the period of his rule is characterized differently.According to one source, the lives of ordinary Egyptians during the reign of Menes became worse, while the other is marked establish worship and temple rites, indicating that the wise management of the country.
Historians believe that Menes stepped into another world at the sixty-third year of his reign.The culprit of the death of the ruler is supposed to become a behemoth.Menes raging animal inflicted fatal injuries.
Hor Aha
history of Pharaonic Egypt would be incomplete without a mention of this great ruler.Modern Egyptologists believe that it Hor Aha united Upper and Lower Egypt and founded Memphis.There is a version that he was the son of Menes.This pharaoh came to the throne in 3118-m, 3110 m or 3007-the year BC.e.
During his rule originated ancient Egyptian chronicles.Each year, received a special name for the brightest of events.For example, one of the years of the reign of Hor Aha referred to as follows: "The defeat and capture of Nubia."However, the war were not always.In general, during the reign of the son of the sun-god is described as a peaceful, calm.
Abydos tomb of pharaoh Aha Choir is the largest in the north-western group of similar structures.However, the most ambitious is the North Tomb, located in Saqqara.It has also been found objects carved with the name of Hor Aha.Most of them are wooden labels and clay seals that are on the vessels.Some of ivory was carved the name of Bener-Ib ("sweet heart").Perhaps these artifacts brought us the memory of the wife of Pharaoh.
Jer
This son of the god of the sun belongs to the I dynasty.It is assumed that he ruled for forty-seven years (2870-2823 gg. BC. E.).Not all of the ancient pharaohs of Egypt could boast a large number of innovations during his reign.However, Jerome was one of the most ardent reformers.It is assumed that he was successful in the military field.The researchers found the rock inscription on the west bank of the Nile.It depicts Jer, and before him - kneeling captive people.
Pharaoh's Tomb is located at Abydos, a large rectangular pit, which is lined with bricks.The crypt was made of wood.Next to the main burial site was found 338 extra.It is assumed that they buried the servants and the women of the harem Gera.All of them, as required by tradition, were sacrificed after the burial of the king.Another 269 graves became a place of last refuge of nobles and courtiers of Pharaoh.
Den
This Pharaoh rules about 2950 BC yes.His personal name - Sepati (it became known through Abydos the list).Some historians believe that the first put on the double crown symbolizing the union of Egypt, this is the Pharaoh.The story goes that he was the leader of the military campaigns of the Sinai Peninsula.It can be concluded that Den was configured to further expansion of the Egyptian kingdom in this direction.
mother of Pharaoh was in a special position during the reign of his son.This is evidenced by the fact that it lies close to the tomb of Dan.That honor still had to qualify.In addition, it is assumed that the man was a highly respected and Hemaka - the keeper of the public purse.In ancient Egyptian labels found his name is after the name of the king.It is a testament to the special honor and trust Dan king who united Egypt.
tombs of the Pharaohs of that time is not very architectural delights.However, this can not be said about Dan's tomb.Thus, in his tomb is an impressive size ladder (it goes to the east, directly toward the rising sun), and the crypt decorated with red granite slabs.
Tutankhamun
during the reign of Pharaoh will be around 1332-1323 years BC.e.Nominally, he began to rule the country in the age of ten.Of course, the real power belonged to the more experienced people - an officer of Ay and Horemheb commander.During this period there was a strengthening of the external position of Egypt thanks to pacify the country.During the reign of Tutankhamun was activated construction and restoration of neglected and destroyed during the reign of the previous Pharaoh - Akhenaten - shrines of the gods.
It was established during anatomical studies mummies, Tutankhamun has not lived even up to twenty years.Versions of his death put forward two: the fatal consequences of some illness or complications after a fall from his chariot.His tomb was found in the infamous Valley of the Kings near Thebes.It was virtually looted ancient Egyptian looters.During the archaeological excavations found a great variety of jewelry, apparel, art.A truly unique finds steel bed, seats and gilded chariot.
noteworthy that the aforementioned king's successors - Ay and Horemheb - in every way tried to bury his name, Tutankhamun has ranked among the heretics.
Ramses I
This Pharaoh rules are supposed to be from 1292 to 1290 BC.Historians identify it with timeservers Horemheb - a powerful warlord and the supreme dignitary Paramessu.They occupied the honorable position was: "Head of all the horses of Egypt, commandant of the fortress, the superintendent of the Nile entrance, a messenger of Pharaoh, the charioteer of His Majesty, the royal scribe, commander, general priest of the Gods Two Lands."It is assumed that the Pharaoh Ramses I (Ramses) - the successor of Horemheb.On the pylon of Karnak temple preserved the image of its magnificent ascent to the throne.
According to Egyptologists, the reign of Ramesses I is neither lasting nor significant events.It is most often mentioned in connection with the fact that the Egyptian pharaohs Seti I and Ramses II were his direct descendants (son and grandson, respectively).
Cleopatra
This famous queen is the representative of a Macedonian dynasty of Ptolemies.Her feelings for Roman general Mark Antony were truly dramatic.During the reign of Cleopatra notorious because of the Roman conquest of Egypt.Shrew queen so hated the thought of being a prisoner of Octavian Augustus (first Roman emperor), that she chose to commit suicide.Cleopatra is the most popular character in the ancient literary works and films.Her reign was held in sopravitelstve brothers, and then - with Mark Antony, the legitimate spouse.
Cleopatra considered the last independent Pharaoh in ancient Egypt to the conquest of the country by the Romans.Often mistakenly called her last pharaoh, but it is not.An affair with Caesar brought her son, and Mark Anthony - a daughter and two sons.
Pharaohs of Egypt are described more fully in the works of Plutarch, Appian, Suetonius, Josephus and Cassius.Cleopatra, of course, also did not go unnoticed.In many sources it described as an immoral woman of great beauty.For a night with Cleopatra, many were ready to pay with his life.However, this ruler was smart enough and courageous to be a threat to the Romans.
Conclusion
Pharaohs of Egypt (the names and biographies of some of them are presented in the paper) contributed to the formation of a powerful state, which existed for more than twenty-seven centuries.Elevation and improvement of this ancient kingdom have greatly contributed to the fertile waters of the Nile.Annual floods well fertilized soil and contributed to the maturing of the rich harvest of grain.Due to the excess of food has been significant population growth.The concentration of human resources, in turn, favored the establishment and maintenance of irrigation canals, the formation of a large army, development of trade relations.In addition, gradually mastered the mining business, field surveying and construction technology facilities.
Company controlled administrative tip, which formed the priests and scribes.Led, of course, was the Pharaoh.The deification of bureaucracy contributed to the prosperity and order.
Today we can say with confidence that Ancient Egypt was the source of the great heritage of the world civilization.
