one of the oldest plants on our planet is a fern.It grows in tropical forests and in boggy areas.Today there are more than 20 thousand species of this unique plant.Name of ferns and their structure, we consider in detail in this article.
Description
representatives squad ferns belong to the department of higher plants.They have a conductive fabric which gives substance and water to all organs.They consist of plant root, stem and well-developed leaves.Flowers and seeds from him absent.In more detail the name of the fern will be discussed further.These plants can be found in almost every corner of the globe.However, in the humid tropics focused their great diversity.The size of these plants are both very small (a few centimeters), and grown and fairly thick (up to 20 meters).
names of organs and structures
fern roots.In this plant it is subordinate.This means that practically no root develops stead formed shoots and leaves.The stems are quite diverse, both on the internal structure and appearance.Some ferns may be creeping or climbing, but the most common ordinary straight.From the stem upward depart rather large leaves.They perform the functions and sporulation fotositneza.On the underside of the leaves mature sporophylls.Getting on the ground, "female" spores germinate in prothallia, which are small heart-shaped plate.Typically, the diameter of not more than one centimeter.On the surface of the plates are so-called "female" genitals.From the male spores formed mikrozarostki in which mature sperm.They are carried by the wind, falling trees, grass, etc.After maturation and membrane rupture "male" seeds are in the environment.With water sperm enters the female zarostok.So there is a new plant.In this heart-zarostok withers and dies.Some ferns can be propagated vegetatively.In this case, new plants are formed on older leaves lying on the ground.Over time, they will take root and grow in the soil.In ferns cambium is absent.That is why their strength and limited growth, and are not formed on the stem annual rings.These are the unique plants - ferns.
types and names
Some members of this unit are extremely decorative.Other ferns, photos and the names of which are described in this article, different medicinal properties.Still others - are widely distributed in the culinary arts (bracken, strausnik, osmundra brown).There are poisonous plants such as Dryopteris.Ferns, depending on the habitat, are divided into terrestrial and aquatic.There is also another large group - tree.
Nephrolepis
homeland this amazingly beautiful houseplant is tropical America.He has a long, curved arc vayami luxurious wavy leaves.
ostrich fern
its name, this plant has received thanks to the similarity of the leaves with the shape of ostrich feathers.It grows on the outskirts of the marshes, in damp forests and floodplains.Rapidly multiplying, the plant forms dense thickets.It strausnik florists used for bouquets and flower arrangements.
athyrium female
grows in the gray shaded areas.It can be seen in the ravines and forested peatlands.Athyrium forms tussock in marshland.His strongly dissected leaves are light green.In winter, they die.The root of the short but thick enough.In the spring start to grow new young leaves.Propagated plant spores.
phlebodium golden
This plant grows on trees, being attached to the trunk "legs."It has a creeping rhizome with soft brown and golden scales, which runs feathery leaves of a length of about 1.5 meters.
Orlyak
height of this plant can reach more than 60 centimeters.It is found almost everywhere, even in the dry and poor soils.Fern has a horizontally long ramified rhizome, which depart from the single yellow leaves.The roots of this plant have medicinal properties and are used in medical science.
Maidenhair
In people, this plant is called "Venus Hair".It has a very thin and long (35 centimeters) of a light-green leaves arranged on a black stems.Maidenhair loves partial shade.It can be grown in home gardens or in the home.
Dryopteris
In nature this plant grows in the mountains among the rocks or in a shady forest.As it can reach a height of 30 to 150 centimeters.Dryopteris has a powerful rhizome, which depart from the leaves on long stalks, forming a cup-shaped socket.Develops plant is very slow.Name of ferns in some cases due to their biological characteristics.It can be said about Dryopteris.On the underside of the leaves of the plant are located fertile bodies covered reniform sinkers like shields.This feature gave the name of fern.The plant is poisonous.Nevertheless, many doctors use it for the production of rootstock healing potions.
family tsiateynye
includes more than 600 species of plants.These tree ferns are distributed mainly in the Humid Tropics.Plant height can reach more than twenty meters.Sustainability bracken is possible thanks to the thick plexus hard adventitious roots that make up the cover of the trunk.The leaves are usually very large and feathery.Their length can be up to six meters.Some species of ferns (names and photos are presented on this page) in the place of attachment to the core segments of the leaf plates have oval portions of pneumatic fabric.They are used for gas exchange.In some plants, pneumatic areas are given over a sheet.
family tsibotievye
grows mainly in the forests of Asia, Central America, Mexico, South China and Hawaii.The representatives of this family have a straight stem.Leaves - twice or thrice pinnate.The top of the trunk is covered with a protective cover, which consists of long soft hair.Young leaves of this plant can be eaten.
Tirsopterisovye
representative of this family - Thyrsopteris elegans fern grows only on the island of Juan Fernandez, located in the Pacific Ocean near South America.Its height is about 1.5 meters.
Kultsitovye
include large ferns with a creeping stem.The length of the plant, usually not more than 50 centimeters.Leaves - 4, 5, feathery, small (up to 3 cm).Stalks light or dark brown.The leaves are not fully deployed, covered with a light brown or reddish hair.Names of fern plants of this type the following: Culcita coniifolia (grows in the north and in the center of South America) and C. macrocarpa (in Macaronesian floristic region).The number of this species has been steadily declining.That is why this type of fern listed as a protected plant Portugal and Spain.
Water
name ferns - Salvinia marsileya and - belong to the third group of plant species described by us.They live exclusively in water bodies.
Marsileya Four-
It is a small perennial plant has broad klinkovidno-rounded leaves.Sporokarpii 2-3 things are at the base of the petiole.Each of them has a length of about 5 millimeters.Usually Marsilea height does not exceed twenty centimeters.However, floating leaf stalks can reach 80 cm and rhizome - about 1 meter.Usually this kind of fern used for decorating ponds.
Salvini
This plant is rare and requires protection.Very often, Salvini is grown for landscaping aquarium.The plant can be seen in the waters of the botanical gardens.Externally, it is not like the usual ferns.Stem Salvinia thin and long (about 15 cm).Leaves collected three.Two of them are whole elliptical cordate.Third sheet - underwater.It is covered with hairs and cut into threadlike strips, similar to the roots.This draws a sheet nutrients and water.
Indian
name of this species of ferns known firsthand aquarium lovers of flora.Plants grow in tropical regions of the globe.Its light green leaves are cut beautifully.Under favorable conditions, the content they can reach a height of 40-50 centimeters.
Thai
Homeland plants - Southeast Asia.Fern has a corrugated, hard lanceolate leaves that can reach a foot in height.They are fixed to the dark green, sturdy rhizomes.
