Depending on various conditions, amounts interlocutors audience situation, and other factors secrete several kinds of speech.All of them, of course, have a certain resemblance.
There are several forms of speech, each of which refers to either oral or written to.
Classification of forms of speech
oral or written speech in the Russian language is the sound.Signs on the letter expressed not only immediate value, but also transmit the sound structure of words.For neieroglificheskih language letter - this is only a kind of presentation of speech.
Like a musician who plays the melody using the notes, speaking converts written language into spoken.Any reader of the text says almost the same range of sound.
written and oral announcement perform different functions.By the speech often is a conversation or discussion, as this includes speaking in public lectures and interviews.Writing has a more formal, business or scientific nature.
Speaking speaking has a situational character.Some interlocutors understand each other perfectly.Writing the text requires substantive, logically built statement.Text up according to the plan, adhering to all language laws.While oral Speaking flows by itself, and the sides have the opportunity to guide her in the right direction.
Classification of speech depends on several factors, such as the scope, mode of expression, the media and the number of interlocutors.
Dialogue
Features speech in this case lies in the fact that two people speaking, if more, then this is called polylogue.The main thing that all the replicas are united by one theme and idea.Dialogue - a way to exchange views.Each replica follows from the previous one and it is a logical continuation.The nature of the dialogue depends on the relations between the communicants Code.There are three main types of such interaction: dependence, equality and cooperation.
Each dialogue characterized by its structure:
- intonation;
- main part;
- ending.
From a theoretical point of view, the dialogues are endless, since their last part is always open, but in practice it is the end of any dialogue.
In its role as the primary form of communication, it is a spontaneous speech.Even in the preparation of the scientific discussion, he can not think about every line, because the reaction of the audience is not always obvious.
To dialogue held with the necessary information base of its members, as well as a slight knowledge gap speak.Uninformative negative impact on the productivity of speech.
Depending on the goals, objectives, roles interlocutors distinguish these types of dialogue:
- household;
- interviews;
- business conversation, and others.
Monologue
This term is called the extended expression of only one person.Monologue is a purposeful message you want to convey to the group of persons.It is also a conscious appeal to the listener or reader, depending on the form submission.
There are also monologues, which are not directed at a specific person, and come face to face with himself.In this case, they do not cause any response.
widespread these types of books monologue:
- art speech;
- judiciary;
- science.
Monologues may be unprepared and premeditated.
Public Speaking one person - it is about.Classification of speech in this case is as follows:
- Information.Monologue is a tool for knowledge transfer.In this case, the speaker takes into account the intellectual abilities of his listeners.This type includes lectures, presentations, reports, messages.
- convince.Speech, which faces the emotions.In this case, the speaker takes into account the sensitivity of his audience.These include greetings, farewell and other orations.
- Incentive.Speech, which aims to encourage students to take action.These include political statements, appeals or protests.
most common form of public speech is a monologue speech.Classification according to the degree of readiness of speech looks like:
- official;
- unofficial.
monologue from the point of view of psychology is somewhat more complicated dialogue, particularly for the speaker.To speech was clear, understandable and not dull, there are a number of requirements:
- coherent presentation of ideas;
- consistent and intelligible speech;
- compliance with the language;
- orientation on intellectual and other characteristics of the audience;
- need to consider the mental state of the audience;
- full control.
Writing
main difference between the writing of the oral - medium.In the first case is a sheet of paper, a computer, in the second - the air waves, which sound comes.However, the psychological component varies much greater.
Speaking is a chain in which one word must be strictly for the previous one.There is a feature that when it sounds the next idea, what has been said before, and have forgotten the speaker and the listener.In a written speech as the reader can at any time go back and even look into the future line of the message.The only exception here is the material that is given in paragraphs (a book that consists of multiple volumes, or a column in a newspaper article in which one follows from the previous one).
This feature provides an advantage writing before the oral.In addition, text rendering help absorb the material fully, stopping and sorting out his every paragraph.
for writing also has its advantages.At any time, the author can edit and adjust your material, giving it a clear structure, without having to worry about losing important information.He has the ability to add aesthetics to his text to read it and think about how this work will affect the reader the impression it will make.While the speaker of the floor can not be sure that 100% of the information is understood by the audience.
But, on the other hand, writing the person - is a complex process that requires a special professional approach.Another difficulty lies in the fact that the only means of expression in the letter are the punctuation marks, while the oral form is intonation, gestures, facial expressions, articulation.
Main examples of speeches in writing - a book in which the characters communicate through dialogues / Polylog and content of monologues.
Speaking
main source kind of speech - is the one that takes the form of a conversation, the conversation.The names she called colloquial.In psychological terms, this is the simplest form of speech.She does not need a detailed exposition, often the source in the process of understanding your opponent.Colloquially plays an important role context.Because thanks to his conversations can replace the words spoken by reducing the sentence.
This type of speech allows the use of colloquial language.There are common slang, neologisms, professionalism, dialects and even foul language.
active speech
Depending on the role of the listener can be isolated active and passive voice.The classification of speech in this case depends on the behavior of an opponent of the speaker.
Anyone who listens, as an effort to understand what he is saying and what the idea trying to convey to him.Interesting fact: when a person listens to it further scrolls all heard in his head.In this way the words spoken circulate in mind.Outwardly, it does not manifest itself.And the listener can be either active or totally indifferent.On the basis of that and held the said classification of speech, highlighted its active and passive forms.
active it can be very spontaneous, it comes from within.In this case, the person says aloud what he comes to mind.
it
Passive Passive speech - is a form in which the listener repeats the words of his companion, usually within themselves.But there are times when it is the repetition breaks out, and the man follows his active opponent.Features of speech in this case lies in the fact that the narrator very successfully copes with its mission, the impression on the audience.
Kinetic speech
speech by the movement of people remained for a long time.Initially, it was almost the only way to communicate and share important information.Since then, much has changed.Now the kinetic kind of speech is used to enhance the effect.Gestures give expression to communicate, listeners tune in the desired fashion.
But nowadays still preserved a group of people that use the kinetic speech as their primary means of communication.This deaf people who sign language is essential for life.It is worth noting that since ancient human kinetic speech transformed, modernized and enriched.
External speech
This type is directly related to the process of communication.It does not matter whether the speaker is involved in polylogue or dialogue or monologue, he says, all this is a manifestation of external speech.In other words, its main feature - it's the words that are spoken aloud.Role of speech in this case is to provide an information message of a single person or group of persons.
Inner speech
inner speech - is the core of human thinking, its conscious activity.In other words, it is a man who, besides him, no one hears.Sometimes during this process are pulled out various interjections or other exclamations.You can determine that a person is puzzled by something inside him being an eloquent dialogue (monologue).
speeches Examples of this type are common.Many people are internal dialogues, telling myself in something, to prove something to yourself or simply encouraging for certain actions.
Direct speech
Nearly every literate conversation involves reference to the sources of thought.So to prove their case, the speaker is based on the opinions of great people, professionals in any field or any other authority.To confirm the authenticity of the above words, often using quotes or direct speech.
Any scientific work, public performance, lectures, interviews, and so on. P. In need of quoting authoritative sources.Direct speech - is the best way to incorporate into the text of such sources.
in speech border quotes are designated by the following terms and emphasized intonation in writing for this purpose there are punctuation marks.
style speech
style is called the historically established system of language means and methods of their organization.Every field of activity corresponds to a certain style of speech.
All of them are characterized by the following factors:
- area in which the style is applied;
- main functions;
- leading stylistic features;
- language features;
- specific forms or genres.
most common means of communication - it is.Speech Classification can also be carried out by styles.It is divided into the book and speaking.In turn, the book is divided it for another four common types: artistic, scientific, official business and journalistic.Any of these styles - it grammatical, which belongs to one or another field of activity.
to feature include literary works that are rich in epithets, metaphors and other means of expression.
By journalistic style attitude have articles and materials are published in periodicals.Here we have the analytical speech.
Scientific style imply articles, annotations, treatises, essays, books, dissertations.
official business is the basis of the documentation in each field.This includes statements, records, reports, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.
Classification styles of speech in every language looks the same.It differs only some of the features that are added in every nation because of the rich history and traditions.
