CIS - formerly the USSR international association, which was supposed to regulate the problem of cooperation between the republics that made up the Soviet Union.This is not a supranational entities.Interaction of operation and association provided for a voluntary basis.What is CIS and what is its role in international relations?How was the formation of the Commonwealth?What is the role of various actors in its development?It was later in the article.The following will also shows a map of the CIS.
Education Organization
The creation of the organization took part in the USSR, RSFSR and the Byelorussian SSR.In 1991, December 8, in the Bialowieza Forest signed a corresponding agreement.The document, which consisted of 14 articles and the preamble stated that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a subject of geopolitical reality and international law.But based on the historical community and the relations between peoples, based on bilateral agreements, the desire to create a democratic state of law, as well as the intent to develop their relations with each other based on mutual respect and recognition of the sovereignty, the parties present agreed to form an international association.
Ratification of the agreement
tenth December Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and Belarus gave the document legal force.December 12 agreement was ratified by the Russian parliament.The vast majority (188) of the votes were "yes", "abstained" - 7 "against" - 6. The next day, the 13th, met the head of the central Asian republics that were part of the Soviet Union.They were representatives of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.As a result of this meeting it was drafted statement.It Heads expressed their consent to join the CIS (decoding acronyms - Commonwealth of Independent States).
essential condition of formation of association was to ensure equality of the subjects of the former Soviet Union, and the recognition of all of them as founders.Later Nazarbayev (President of Kazakhstan) made a proposal to organize a meeting in Alma-Ata, where the CIS countries, the list of which is given below, will continue to further discussion and adoption of joint solutions.
meeting in Alma-Ata
In the capital of Kazakhstan arrived 11 representatives of the former republics of the USSR before.They were the heads of Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus.There were no representatives from Georgia, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.As a result of the meeting a declaration was signed.It had set out the principles and objectives of the new Commonwealth.
In addition, the document contains a provision that all CIS countries will pursue their cooperation in equal terms through coordinating institutions.The latter, in turn, formed on a parity basis.Operate the coordinating institutions have been in accordance with the agreement between the subjects of the CIS (transcript indicated above).While maintaining control over a joint military and strategic targets, nuclear weapons.
Talking about what the CIS, it must be said that this association did not imply a common border - each republic, formerly part of the USSR retained its sovereignty, government, legal structure.At the same time the creation of the Commonwealth is the epitome of commitment to the formation and development of a common economic zone.
Map CIS
Territoriralno Commonwealth was less than the USSR.Some former republics have not expressed the desire to join the CIS.Nevertheless the union as a whole took quite a geopolitical space.Most of the subjects tried to mutually beneficial cooperation on an equal footing, while maintaining its integrity.
It should be noted that the meeting of December 21 facilitated the completion of the conversion Soviet republics in the CIS countries.List replenished Moldova and Azerbaijan, have become the latest to ratify the establishment of the Commonwealth.Up to that point they were only associate members of the association.This was an important milestone in the nation-building post-Soviet space.In 1993, the year in the list of CIS countries, Georgia included.Among the largest cities in the Commonwealth should be called Minsk, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, Moscow.
Organizational matters
in Minsk at the meeting of December 30 CIS member states signed an interim agreement.According to it it was established by the supreme body of the Commonwealth.The Council consists of the heads of subjects of the organization.
Talking about what the CIS, it must be said about how regulated decisions.Each entity of the Commonwealth shall have one vote.The total decision was taken on the basis of consensus.
At a meeting in Minsk also signed an agreement governing the control of armed forces and border troops.According to him, each subject had the right to create his own army.In 1993, he completed the organizational phase.
January 22 of the year in Minsk, the Charter was adopted.This document was fundamental to the organization.In 1996, March 15, at a meeting of the Russian State Duma adopted Resolution 157-II HD.It determined the validity of the results of the referendum held in 1991, March 17, at the persistence of the Soviet Union.In the third paragraph refers to the confirmation that the agreement on the formation of the Commonwealth, not approved by the Congress of People's Deputies - the highest organ of state power in the Russian Federation - did not have and does not have legal effect in relation to the cessation of the continued existence of the USSR.
role of Russia in the Commonwealth
At a meeting of the Russian Security Council President Putin spoke.Vladimir Vladimirovich declared that Russia and the CIS reached a decisive moment in its development.In this regard, as noted by the President, it is necessary, or to achieve a qualitative strengthening of the CIS and the formation on its basis are really working, which has a certain influence in the world of the regional structure, or otherwise geopolitical space waiting for "blur", whereby the interest of the Commonwealth among his subjectsIt will be irrevocably lost.
After March 2005, the Russian government has suffered some significant failures in the political relations between the republics, formerly made up the USSR (Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine), in the midst of crisis, the Kyrgyz authorities Putin spoke quite emphatically.He noted that all the disappointments were the result of an excess of expectations.In short, the President of the Russian Federation recognized that programmed the same goals, but in reality the whole process was completely different.
Questions stability Commonwealth
Because s growing centrifugal processes taking place within the CIS, has repeatedly raised the issue of the need to reform the association.However, consensus on the likely direction of this movement is not.At the July informal summit in 2006, the year in which gathered heads of subjects of the Commonwealth, Nazarbayev suggested some guidelines on which to focus the work.
First President of Kazakhstan considers that it is necessary to harmonize immigration policy.Necessary, in his opinion, is the development of the common transport communications and cooperation in the fight against cross-border crime, as well as cooperation in the cultural, scientific and educational spheres.
As noted in the media, skepticism about the effectiveness and viability of the Commonwealth, and tied with a number of trade wars.In these crises, the Russian Federation opposed Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine.CIS, according to some observers, was on the brink of survival.This was facilitated by the recent events - trade conflicts between Georgia and Russia.According to some analysts, the sanctions against the Russian Commonwealth subject was unprecedented.Moreover, as noted by many observers, the policy of the Russian Federation by the end of 2005 in respect of post-Soviet states in general, and of the CIS in particular formed by "Gazprom" (Russian gas monopoly).The cost of the fuel, according to some authors, was a kind of punishment and means of promoting the Commonwealth subjects depending on their political cooperation with Russia.
"gas and oil"
Talking about what the CIS, not to mention the unifying factor of all subjects.They are the low cost of the fuel supplied from the territory of the Russian Federation.However, in 2005, the year in July, it was announced that a gradual increase in gas prices for the Baltic States.The cost has been increased to the European level of $ 120-125 / m3.In September of the same year it was announced the increase in the cost of fuel for Georgia from 2006, to $ 110, and from 2007 - up to $ 235.
In November 2005, was increased the price of gas for Armenia.The cost of supplies was to be $ 110.However, the Armenian government expressed concern that the Republic will not be able to purchase fuel at such prices.Russia has offered interest-free loan, which could offset the cost of which has grown.However, Armenia offered another variant of the Russian Federation - as an alternative to transfer the ownership of one of the units belonging to it Hrazdan thermal power plant, as well as the entire gas transportation network in the country.However, despite the warning from the Armenian side about the possible negative effects of further price increases, the country only managed to delay the increase in value.
For Moldova the price increase was announced in 2005, the year.By 2007, it agreed on a new price of supplies.The price of oil was $ 170.By December, it was agreed to supply fuel to Azerbaijan at market value.In 2006, the price was $ 110, and by 2007 had been planned delivery of $ 235.
By December 2005, conflict broke out between Russia and Ukraine.Since January 2006, it was announced a price increase to $ 160.As further talks were unsuccessful, Russia raised the price to $ 230.In some ways privileged position in the gas issue was in Belarus.By March of 2005 the Russian Federation has announced price increases for supplies.However, by 4 April, Putin promised to keep the price at the same level.But after the presidential elections in Belarus for the newly announced price increases.After lengthy negotiations, the price for 2007-2011 was set at $ 100.
role in oil and gas entities Commonwealth relations
should be noted that, among other things, during 2006, the Russian government made efforts for the formation of the CIS on the basis of a union.It was assumed that its members were to become subjects of the Commonwealth, one way or another connected system of gas and oil pipelines, recognizing also the leading role of Russia as a monopoly supplier of energy fuels in Europe and the former Soviet Union.At the same time the neighboring countries had to either perform the task of suppliers of its own gas pipelines in Russia, or to become a transit territory.As a pledge of this energy union involves the exchange or sale of energy transport and energy assets.
Thus, for example, with Turkmenistan reached an agreement on exports of its gas pipeline "Gazprom".In Uzbekistan the development of Russian companies going local deposits.In Armenia, the property of "Gazprom" is a gas pipeline from Iran.Also, an agreement was reached with Moldova that the local gas company "Moldovgaz", half of which belongs to "Gazprom", to issue additional shares, making a payment as a gas distribution network.
Critical opinion
What is the CIS today?Analyzing the recent history of the subjects of the Commonwealth, it is impossible not to notice the abundance of conflicts at various levels.There are even military clashes - both inter- and intrastate.To this day remains the unresolved problem of manifestations of ethnic intolerance, illegal immigration.In addition, still have a place, and economic conflicts between Russia on the one hand, and Belarus and Ukraine on the other.
main issue requiring resolution is the question of the raw rates.Repeatedly Russia as a subject of the largest Commonwealth (map of Russia and the CIS, showing this is presented below) having the highest economic and military potential, is accused of violating the fundamental agreements, in particular, the agreement on the conduct of intelligence activities inside the territory.From a geopolitical point of view, the CIS is not formally a goal back in any way in the past, at a time when all the currently existing sovereign states belonged first to the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union.Meanwhile, in reality, the official leadership of the Russian Federation in his speeches and through the media often voiced criticism of the authorities of other subjects of the Commonwealth.Most often, the members of the International Association charged with contempt of the past, which is common in the actions under the influence of the developed Western countries (US mainly) and revanchist moods (in particular, the representation of events the 2nd World War, in society, contrary to what the conventional worldand Soviet-Russian historiography).
