vocabulary - a collection of all the words that we use.A separate group in the lexicon can be considered old words.They are in the Russian language a lot, and they belong to different historical periods.
What ancient word
Since language is an integral part of the history of the people, and the words that are used in this language, are historical value.Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events occurred in the life of the people in a particular era, and which ones were important.Old or obsolete word in our time is not actively used, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, written in dictionaries and reference books.Often they can be found in works of art.
For example, in the poem by Alexander Pushkin, we read the following passage:
"The crowd mighty sons,
With friends in Gridnitsa high
Vladimir sun-feasting,
Less daughter he gave
For Prince braveRuslan ".
There is a word "Gridnitsa."Now it is not consumed, but in the era of Prince Vladimir, it means more room in which the prince with his retinue arranged festivals and feasts.
Historicism
Vintage word and symbol are of different kinds.According to the scientists, they are divided into two large groups.
Historicism - words that are not being actively used for the reason that obsolete concepts they represent.For example, "coat", "chainmail" armor "archaisms, etc. - these are the words that represent familiar to us the concept of other words. For example, the mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck of - neck.
Inmodern speech, as a rule, they are not used. Clever words and their meanings, that many do not understand, for our everyday speech are not typical. But they did not disappear completely into disuse. historicism and archaisms use writers to truthfully tell about the past of the people,with these words they convey flavor era. Historicism can truthfully tell us about something that happened once in another era in our country.
Archaisms
Unlike historicism archaisms represent the phenomena that we encounter in modern life.This clever words, and their values are not different from the usual for us the words, only they sound different. archaisms are different. There are those who differ from the usual words of only some of the features in the spelling and pronunciation.For example, the hail and the city gold and gold Mlada - young.This phonetic archaisms.In the 19th century there were many such words.It klob (club), Stora (curtain).
There is a group of archaisms with outdated suffixes, such as Muzeum (museum), assistance (assistance), fisherfolk (fishers).Most often we meet lexical archaisms, for example, the eye - the eye, right hand - right hand Shuitsev - left hand.
As historicism, archaisms used to create a special world in fiction.So, Alexander Pushkin often used an archaic language to give his works pathos.This is clearly illustrated by the poem "The Prophet".
Words of Ancient Rus
Ancient Russia gave a lot of contemporary culture.But then there was a specific lexical environment, some of the words of which are preserved in the modern Russian language.Some are no longer used at all.Vintage outdated Russian words from that era give us an idea about the origin of the East Slavic languages.
example, ancient curses.Some of them are very accurate reflection of the negative qualities of man.Joe Blow - chatterbox, Ruhm - crybaby Tolokonov forehead - fool zahuhrya - disheveled man.
value of old Russian words sometimes differ from the same root in the modern language.We all know the word "siganut" and "whitefish", they mean a rapid movement in space.Old Russian word "sig" mean the smallest unit of time.In one moment it contained 160 whitefish.The biggest value of measurements was considered "far distance", which is equal to 1, 4 light-year.
Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scientists.CONVERTED considered names of coins, which were used in ancient Russia.For coins that have emerged in the eighth and ninth century in Russia and have been imported from the Arab Caliphate, used the name "Coon", "Nogat" and "cut".Then there were the first Russian coins - it zlatniki and pieces of silver.
Obsolete words from 12th and 13th centuries
Mongolian period in Russia, 12-13 century, characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture.Accordingly, there was then a layer of vocabulary associated with the construction and erection of buildings.Some of the words were then emerging in the modern language, but the value of old Russian word for all this time has changed.
basis of life of Russia in the 12th century was a fortress, which was then called "Detinets."Later, in the 14th century, the term 'Kremlin', which then also designated the city.The word "Kremlin" may be an example of how to change the outdated old Russian word.If the Kremlin is now one is the seat of the head of state, the time the Kremlin was a lot.
In the 11th and 12th centuries in Russia to build cities and fortresses of wood.But they could not withstand the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars.The Mongols came to conquer the earth, just dare wooden fortress.Resist stone city of Novgorod and Pskov.For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the Tver chronicles in 1317.It is a synonym for the ancient word "kremnik."Then it was built Kremlin in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.
socio-aesthetic role archaisms in classical literature
Ancient words, the discussion of which is often found in scientific articles, often used Russian writers to make their speech more expressive artwork.Alexander Pushkin in his article described the process of creation of "Boris Godunov": "I tried to guess the language of the time."
Mikhail Lermontov also applied in his works, old words and their meanings corresponded exactly to the realities of the time, where they were taken.Most ancient words appear in his work "The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich."This, for example, "Veda", "Oh you goy esi" Ali. "Also, Alexander Ostrovsky wrote works in which many old words.This "Dmitry the Pretender", "Voivod", "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk."
Role words from past eras in modern literature
archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century.Recall the famous work by Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs."Here, the old words and their meanings are special, humorous tone.
For example, in the description of a visit to the village of Ostap Bender Vasyuki found the phrase "one-eyed man did not take his only eye with grossmeysterovoy shoe."Church Slavonic archaisms used to color and in another episode: "Father Fyodor was hungry.I wanted him to wealth. "
stylistic errors when using historicism and archaisms
historicism and archaisms can significantly beautify fiction, but their inept use a laugh.Ancient words, the discussion of which is often a very busy, as a rule, can not be used in everyday speech.If you start asking a passerby: "Why do you have open neck of winter?" He does not understand you (referring to the neck).
The newspaper also found the speech inappropriate use of historicism and archaisms.For example: "The headmaster privechali young teachers who have come to practice."The word "not abandon" is synonymous with the word "welcome".Sometimes students are inserted into his compositions archaisms and thus do not offer a very clear and even absurd.For example: "Olga came running in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about his offense."Therefore, if you want to use the old words, the meaning, interpretation, meaning they have to be absolutely clear to you.
obsolete words fantasy and fiction
Everyone knows that gained huge popularity in our time such genres as science fiction and fantasy.It turns out that in the works of the fantasy genre widely used ancient words and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.
Concepts such as "banner" and "finger", the reader can understand.But sometimes there are more complex words such as "Komon" and "inculcate".I must say that publishers do not always approve of excessive use of archaisms.But there are works in which the authors are used successfully historicism and archaisms.It works from the series "Slavic fantasy."For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova, "Valkyrie," Tatiana Korostyshevsky "The mother of the four winds," Maria Semenova "Wolfhound" Denis Novozhilova "Far Far Away kingdom.The war for the throne. "
