mid-twentieth century became a defining era for the scientific potential of humanity.There is a need to define the functions of science in the social and cultural aspects as well as the consequences which resulted in advances in science and technology.This led to a reorientation of the philosophy of science, as well as to the fact that began to form the phenomenon of post-nonclassical science.A huge influence on it had the appearance of philosophical and ideological views and original ideas about different kinds of epistemological and scientific activities that are typical of the postwar period.And the theme, and conceptual apparatus of this particular direction evolved simultaneously with the development of the philosophy of science, and are the subject of philosophical interest and analysis.
At the end of the XIX century the classical model of science has developed principles of epistemological reduction activities in accordance with the methodological ideal, which resulted in the standardization of certain scientific knowledge, and the emergence of models of mathematical logic, which allowed to clarify the structural features of scientific knowledge.At the same time it turned out that the development of this knowledge is related to the crisis, and that the claims of classical science to finding the absolute knowledge, did not account for the existence of so-called subjective knowledge of different types of rationality and dynamic processes.Thus began the phase, which began to carry an appropriate name: post-classical science.
However, attempts to construct a unified science continues on the basis of the language of physics and mathematics.By the end of 1960, these normativistskie logical-mathematical program is called neo-strong disappointment that in a society in doubt in the fact that even possible any rationing epistemological process.It was promoted postnonclassical philosophy, such as post-structuralism and postpositivism who put forward the idea that the methodology positivism should be replaced by pluralism methodological concepts, criticizing each other and thus approaching the truth.Among these theories can be called the theory of falsification of Popper, Kuhn's concept of scientific revolutions, methodology of scientific research programs Lakatos, the idea of tacit knowledge Polanyi and many others.
Postnonclassical science has its own characteristics.First of all, it is characterized by already mentioned the idea of relativity of standards of knowledge in science and related practices.In addition, within the framework of this model of science hear criticism of so-called scientific fundamentalism that tries to fundamentally reduce all the existing knowledge base to some of its species.In epistemology and methodology it assumes that at one and the same time can coexist various competing theories and "world view", and the rivalry of various programs.This emphasizes the diversity of relations between different theories and their groups, even those that are mutually exclusive, including competition, addition, criticism and so on.At the same time, the main theme is the need to get along with enemies and opponents and manage conflicts in a peaceful way, by consensus - not only in research but also in the social environment.
One of the key concepts, which operates postnonclassical science is a paradigm.It refers to the integrity of the beliefs and values of the funds received by the scientific community and to ensure the continuity of a tradition.We can say that a paradigm is a phenomenon that brings together those who are ranked among the scientific community.It also defines the range of issues which they are concerned.When the paradigm is changing, there is a scientific revolution, and full or partial conversion of the world picture, which depicts a science, although it is dictated not only logical, but value-considerations.
Postnonclassical science is characterized by the presence of synergy.It is an interdisciplinary complex of various studies that are seeking the general principles for the physical, chemical, biological, economic, social and other systems and their self-organization.For synergy also assumes a highly complex concept of chaos as the ordering, which is always ready to show potential in a variety of ordered structures.It means giving up picture of the world, built, like the bricks of elementary particles, in favor of peace as a set of processes.
