Standard Model - a theory that reflects modern ideas about the original base material for the construction of the universe.This model describes how the image of the mother of his basic components of the forces of interaction exists between its components.
essence of the standard model
The structure of all elementary particles (nucleons) that make up the atomic nucleus, as well as any heavy particles (hadrons) are made up of even smaller elementary particles called fundamental.
These primary elements of matter are now considered quarks.The most common lung and quark are divided into upper (u) and lower (d).Proton consists of a combination of quarks uud, and the neutron - udd.Charge u-quark is 2/3, while the d-quark - a negative charge -1/3.If we calculate the amount of charges of quarks, the proton and neutron charges are obtained strictly equal to 1 and 0. This suggests that the standard model adequately describes the reality completely.
There are several pairs of quarks that make up the more exotic particles.Thus, a second pair of enchanted constitute (s) and the strange (s) quarks, and the third pair - true (t) and beautiful (b).
Almost all the particles that are able to predict the standard model, already opened by experimentation.
addition quarks as "building blocks" are the so-called leptons.They also form three pairs of particles: an electron from the electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos to muon, tau lepton tau lepton-neutrino.
quarks and leptons, according to scientists, it is the main building material on the basis of which was created the modern model of the universe.They interact with the particles using vectors that transmit power pulses.There are four main types of such interaction:
- strong, thanks to which the quarks are held within the particles;
- electromagnetic;
- weak, which leads to the collapse of the forms;
- gravity.
strong color interaction tolerate particles called gluons that have no mass and electric charge.Quantum chromodynamics is studying this type of interaction.
electromagnetic interaction occurs through the exchange of deprived masses of photons - a quantum of electromagnetic radiation.
weak interaction is due to the massive vector bosons, which are almost 90 times more protons.
gravitational interaction facilitates the exchange of gravitons, which have no mass.However, experimentally detect these particles have not yet succeeded.
standard model considers the first three types of interaction between the three different manifestations of a single nature.Under the influence of high temperature strength, which act in the universe is actually fused together, so that they can not then discern.The first, as scientists have found, are combined the weak nuclear force and electromagnetic.As a result, it creates the electroweak interaction, which we can observe in modern laboratories at the particle accelerators.
theory of the universe says that during his appearance in the first milliseconds after the Big Bang, the distinction between electromagnetic and nuclear forces was absent.It was only after reducing the average temperature of the universe 10 14 K, four types of interaction are able to divide and adopt a modern look.In the meantime, the temperature was above this mark, acted only fundamental force of gravity, the strong and electroweak interactions.
electroweak interaction combined with the strong nuclear at a temperature of about 10 27 K, which is impossible in the modern laboratory.But such energy now lacks even the universe itself, so virtually prove or disprove this theory it is not yet possible.But the theory that describes the process of unification of interactions allows us to give some predictions about the processes occurring at lower energy levels.These forecasts are now confirmed experimentally.
Thus, the standard model offers a theory of the structure of the universe, matter is composed of leptons and quarks, and the interactions between these particles are described in grand unified theories.Model is incomplete because it does not include the gravitational interaction.With the further development of scientific knowledge and technology, this model can be supplemented and developed, but at the moment - it's the best of what the scientists were able to develop.
