State as a legal mechanism has a number of features, among which stands out the form of government.This category implies a presence of two major sections - monarchies and republics.
Category "Republic", in turn, is divided into parliamentary, presidential or mixed.Semi-presidential system - a controversial form of government, the study of which requires special attention.And in order to understand what it is, it is necessary to consider the basic signs and types.
What is a semi-presidential system?
Republic as a form of government is determined by the indirect power of the people of the country.This means that all the highest state authorities (Parliament and the President) elected by the citizens of the country.However, depending on who forms the government, and depends on the type of republic.Among them is semi-presidential system.
This category is most characteristic of the transition of the political regime, but can occur in countries with strong democratic traditions.
most characteristic features of the republic are mixed:
- election by direct popular vote, and the President and Parliament.
- Legislature and the head of state is almost equal to the powers vested in the Government.
- Government gives a report to Parliament, but has full responsibility for its actions to the President, which is actually the head of the executive body.
- role of the Prime Minister is to implement orders from the president to manage.
- presence of the mechanism of "checks and balances" in which Parliament has the right to dismiss the government, in turn, elected head of state - in response to express no-confidence vote and dissolve the legislature.Moreover, the government resign only with the Prime Minister, but not with the president.
- arbitrator between the two supreme bodies of state power of the Constitutional Court acts.
Depending on how distributed the authority of the President and Parliament, two types of semi-presidential system - and the semi-parliamentary semi.
semi semi-presidential system , examples of which are the classic operation of France and Poland, based on the enhanced role of the President in government.According to some authors, this species is most characteristic of the countries in which the head of state plays an important role as the leader of the nation and where the visible processes of transition from a parliamentary republic to the classic presidential.It should be noted that this form of government is inherent in the CIS countries, for example, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine.
semi-parliamentary semi-presidential system is most common in countries in which the processes are "the promotion of a strong parliament" and the formation of a parliamentary republic.In this case, the legislative body is endowed with some form of no confidence: the nomination of a vote of no individual Minister (Uruguay) or the Prime Minister, indicating a possible successor (Germany).
Thus, the semi-presidential system is a special form of government transition, characterized by a gradual strengthening of the parliament or the president.Sometimes this form of government mistakenly attributed to the mixed (or atypical) forms of governance.
mixed form of government .
As noted earlier, the form of government has two main types - monarchy and republic.However, the variety of public education and historically established way of management allocate a special kind - the mixed form of government.These include elements of the monarchy with republican and monarchical republic with signs.
monarchy with republican elements are the following types:
- elective monarchy - in this case the governor is elected on a rotating basis.An example is the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia.
- constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch inherits his power and is a representative of the state and state authorities elected by the people - example is the United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden.However, the allocation of this type in the form of a mixed form of government is debatable.
Republic with monarchist elements represented by the following list:
- superpresidential - head of the state de facto has the power of the monarch in the absolute monarchy.One example is North Korea
- Islamic Republic - monarchist elements are embodied in the spiritual power of the head of disobeying the will of the people.A prime example is Iran
semi-presidential system, examples and characteristics of which were presented above, it is a special form of governance, which allows without any civil disturbances move from one type of government to another.Thus the constitutional arrangements in the country, provide the legitimacy and legality of making the transition.
