Dialectics - the art of reasoning, carry on a conversation (in Greek).Today, the understanding of this term is somewhat broader.Thus, in determining the present dialectic - a method and theory of knowledge of reality, the doctrine of peace and the integrity of the universal laws, which is the development of thinking, society and nature.It is believed that Socrates was the first who introduced the term.
This view of the surrounding reality formed throughout the development of philosophy.Components of dialectical ideas contained in the philosophical writings of thinkers of China, Rome, India and Greece.Today, there are three main historical forms of teaching.
first considered the spontaneous dialectic.This ancient doctrine most clearly reflected in ancient Greek philosophy, and in the writings of Heraclitus of Ephesus.
Heraclitus believed that the world is constantly changing, everything exists and does not exist at the same time, being in a constant process of disappearance and appearance.Philosopher tried to explain the transformation of all things into their opposite.
Subsequently, the doctrine was developed in the schools of Plato and Socrates.Last I believed that the dialectic - is an art to reveal the truth in a collision in the dispute opposing views.According to Plato's doctrine is a logical method by which the knowledge of things happening - the movement of thought to the higher concepts of the lower.
second historical form is considered idealistic dialectic presented in classical philosophical works of German philosophers (Kant, Hegel, Schelling).
This trend reached a higher level of development in the philosophy of Hegel.According to the thinker, the dialectic - is not only the art of argument, debate, conversation, and look at the world as a whole.Hegel believed that this method takes into account the knowledge of the contradictory reality of the world, the relationship processes, things and events, changes, quality conversion, as well as transitions from the lowest to the highest by denying approval obsolete and growing, new.
However, Hegel's ideas were developed, based on the decision of the main idealist philosophical question, and could not be consistent to the end.In his discussion thinker could only "guess" the dialectics of things.The development of the world according to Hegel is determined in accordance with the self-development, "the idea of the absolute," mystical "peace of mind" on the background of the arguments about himself.
Third, considered the highest form of historical materialist dialectics.This model was derived by Marx.He freed the Hegelian dialectic of mystical elements and idealism.
to Marxist doctrine is characterized by objectivity of the study of phenomena, striving to comprehend the thing itself, the complex multiple relationships to other things.Most clearly these ideas are reflected in the doctrine of subjective and objective dialectic.
objective, according to Marx, is the development of the movement in the world as in a single whole.In this case, the dialectic does not affect the mind of man and mankind.
subjective Marx considered the development and movement of ideas, thoughts, reflect all the objective in mind.
Thus, the primary objective dialectic and subjective - is secondary.The second depends on the first, but is independent of the first second.How subjective dialectics reflects the objective, as it coincides with its content.
scientists consider the most significant common communication taking place in all areas of the world.
There is also such a thing as a "dialectic of the soul".It is believed that most accurately revealed the concept Tolstoy, pointing to a new understanding of human nature.
