Knowledge is the result of the cognitive process, having a specific structure and steps associated with the stages of formation and development of society.The human knowledge develops together with the increasing complexity of practice.
There are different kinds of human knowledge.One of the oldest forms are religious and philosophical.The founder of positivism, Auguste Comte in the mid-19th century, proposed the concept of reflecting the kinds of knowledge.In his concept, he considered three forms successively replace one another.
first form he considered religious knowledge.It is based on the individual faith and traditions.
second form - the philosophical knowledge.Based on the author's intuition or other concepts and is a speculative and rational in nature.
scientific knowledge - this is the third form.Based on the fixing of the facts on the background of purposeful experiment or observation.
Today is obvious that all these kinds of knowledge are developed in parallel and there are just as exist in the wild plants and animals.
There is also another classification.According to the concept of M. Polanyi (English philosopher), the types of knowledge are classified according to personal characteristics.English philosopher proceeded from the fact that knowledge is an active comprehension of things - an action that requires special tools and special art.The "personal", according to Polanyi, captured not only the reality but also the identity of its interest in knowledge.When this occurs not only complex any statements but also experiences an individual.Thus, Polanyi singled out the following types of knowledge:
- explicit, articulated, expressed in the theories, opinions, concepts.
- implicit, implicit, not giving a full reflection of the human experience.
tacit knowledge embodied in physical and practical skills, patterns of perception.It is not fully reflected in the textbooks, but is transmitted in communication and personal contact.
as the main component of the structure of the general education knowledge is the result of knowledge of the laws of nature, thinking, society and reality.This result reflects a synthesis of human experience that has been accumulated in the course of social historical practice.
Educational content includes such kinds of knowledge as:
- main terms and concepts that reflect reality.In addition to everyday reality, they expressed and scientific knowledge.
- Facts everyday reality and science.They are used on standing and the proof of their ideas.
- basic scientific laws.They reveal the relationships between the various phenomena and objects.
- theories that contain a set of scientific knowledge of certain system objects, objects, relationships between them, and how to predict and explain phenomena in a particular subject area.
- Evaluation knowledge.They reflect the norms of relations to various life phenomena.
- Knowledge of the methods of conducting scientific activities, methods of cognition, as well as the purchase history information.
All of these types have features related to the functions and applicable technologies in teaching.
Knowledge can also be:
- emotional and rational.
- Essentsianalisticheskimi (based on the use of quantitative analysis tools) and fenomenolisticheskimi (based on the use of "high-quality" concept).
- theoretical and empirical (experimental).
- chastnonauchnogo and philosophical.
- humanities and natural sciences.
With pedagogical and psychological point of view, the most interesting are the differences between the rational (natural sciences) and sensual (humanitarian) knowledge.
