interaction of all components of the biosphere is carried out through the exchange of matter and energy.At the heart of this interaction is the cycling of matter - an iterative process of transformation and migration of substances in nature, with the cyclical nature of varying degrees of severity.These processes take place with the participation of solar energy and the internal energy of the Earth.
Provided geological (large) cycle and its constituent biological (small) and anthropogenic cycles.
geological cycle of substances - a redistribution of elements between the biosphere and the lithosphere, which occurs under the influence of endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) processes.Over millions of years the rocks break and weathering products are carried by water currents in the oceans.A small part of the minerals back to the land as a result of moisture evaporation and precipitation, and the cycle is closed.The bulk of the weathering products remains on the ocean floor, where the sedimentation.Replaced geological epochs occur regression of the seas, the movement of tectonic plates, mountain building, and the bedding once again find themselves on the land - a geological cycle of substances starts a new round.It should be noted that this symbol cycle is not a circle, a spiral, since by stretching of each new timing cycle is significantly different from the previous one.
great importance in the life of the biosphere is the so-called hydrological cycle, which involves land, atmosphere and ocean.It's the water cycle, which also applies to geological (more) cycling.Its driving force is the energy of the sun, under the influence of which evaporates.Water molecules in the form of gas rising in the atmosphere, where they are cooled and condensed.Form clouds, which give precipitation.If rain falls into the ocean, it closes the cycle (evaporation and so on. D.).
Water entering the ground, it has two options: surface runoff and infiltration.In the first case, it returns to the ocean, completing a cycle, and in the second it is waiting for a long and interesting way.Seeping down the cracks and pores, it reaches impermeable layer replenishing groundwater supplies, and then moves in the horizontal direction until until it finds a way to the surface.So formed springs that feed rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps.During this "travel" of the water remains in the surface layer of the soil (capillary moisture), from where it evaporates into the atmosphere and some is used by plants, the leaves of which also the evaporation (transpiration).
Another component of the geological cycle is the biological cycle of substances, which is the driving force - the activity of living organisms.This cycle is as follows.
- water, carbon and nutrients are accumulated by plants (autotrophic) and animals (heterotrophic), which feed on these plants.
- Living organisms are killed, and under the influence of saprophytes (fungi, bacteria, worms) decomposition products are decomposed into mineral components.
- Inorganic materials are used again for the synthesis of organic autotrophs - biogeochemical cycling of matter continues.
Such processes occur in each ecosystem and include cycles of individual elements: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, iron and so on. D. They involve all living organisms that exist on the planet.The role of bacteria in the circulation of substances - they are involved in soil formation, water treatment, the accumulation of certain elements (nitrogen-fixing bacteria), the decomposition of organic substances (destructors), redox reactions (aerobic bacteria) and many other processes in the biosphere.
