Atrium - a central part of the Roman houses, the inner courtyard of the light, which came out the other rooms.The etymology of the word comes from the Latin atrium, which means "smoky", "black".In ancient dwellings in the atrium of a permanent burning hearth, due to the small size of the yard he could be blackened, hence, most likely, and it became his name.In the center of the atrium was also a reservoir for rainwater.
This arrangement typical Roman house came under the influence of the compositions of the People of the Greek agora and ordinary people's homes.There is also the influence of Etruscan buildings.For several centuries the home of the Romans did not have further development.Even in an era of prosperity of the empire remained a substantial portion of the atrium of the house.Such predominant type of construction called a home-peristyle atrium.
Atrium - a center of Roman houses, an open rectangular space, komplyuvium (compluvium).The roof of the atrium, four pieces which fall to the middle, left in the center of the open space from which rainwater flowed into the pond implyuvium (impluvium), arranged in the floor.The roof is usually based on four pillars that stood at the corners implyuviuma.
Roman house is a kind of personality attached atrium.Driving his Marcus Vitruvius, the Roman architect, might differ in two types: kavedium, or an open-air atrium, the roof of which was held in a circle, and an atrium with a gallery with a continuous overlap.
Kavedium divided into 5 types:
- Atrium tuscanicum - the most common type, known as the Etruscan.It is characterized by concave roof with a rectangular hole in the middle, it slopes down to the komplyuviumu.The roof rested on two cross beams were located on the edges of komplyuviuma.
- Atrium tetrastylum used when constructing a vast space.This style features perpendicular to the partition walls, form a series of rooms around a courtyard.The roof structure was based on four columns set at the corners komplyuviuma.
- Atrium corinthium similar to the previous one, but had a larger komplyuvium and, accordingly, increasing the number of columns.Corinthian type is an open courtyard with a colonnade supporting the roof, which has been turned into a ramp.
- Atrium displuviatum had a roof skylight in the middle.Clearance was usually protected by a special shelter from the rain.
- Atrium testudinatum - atrium was completely blocked the arches.
outdoor atrium created as a basilica, with an indoor courtyard, bordered by two lateral porticos.In the courtyard was tablinium (wooden gallery) with an open front façade.Tablinium inner peace was connected with a wide span (fauces).
Initially atrium courtyard separated from the street by a door that was opened by custom.But then it began to lock in the lock.Entrance, usually double-leaf doors opened inward.Instead they usually center was located.In this part of the house we were going to households.There spun slaves, which often works and the mistress.
Later atrium - it is a kind of face at home.He became divided into formal (Tablinum - office, atrium, triklinium), and the front part of the private (kubikuly, peristyle - bedrooms).Wall light patio decorated with frescoes, floor mosaics laid out, and replaced by center pool.Marble columns and statues were decorated atrium.The house became more pompous.
passion for colossal structures, has seized the Romans during the heyday of the empire, they prompted the idea to arrange atriums at public buildings and temples.
In modern architecture, the term "atrium" is somewhat different.Atrium - an open space with a translucent ceilings inside the building, several floors high.During the construction of exhibition centers, hotels, business centers, offices of large companies - it is one of the common elements of the architecture.
