known that matter - is a category of philosophy, which is used to describe objective reality displayed by the senses of man, but regardless of their existing.Matter is concentrated in a huge variety of objects, systems and forms, as well as in constant motion, it is peculiar to self-development, which eventually leads to the emergence of life and are able to think things.Matter itself is inexhaustible and has streamlined the organization, while it is inseparable from the forms of motion.
If we consider the main forms of existence of matter, it should be noted that Engels distinguishes five of them:
1. Physical - electromagnetic, and gravitational wave field, space systems, and so on. D.
2. Chemical nature - atoms, molecules,, macromolecular complexes.
2. Biological - the entire biosphere, including man.
3. The social form of existence of matter - society and the people.
4. Mechanical - a movement that is changing position in space.
However, the matter - a substance that is not limited to these forms of existence, because the world is different and the quality of objective reality.These include time and space.In time express a sequence of physical processes, their duration and order one after another.The space also expresses the coexistence of things, or their remoteness from each other, as well as their order relative to each other.
Thus, consider what form this may take the substance, the following unique properties of matter:
1. Neugasaemost in time and unbounded in space, since matter has no beginning and no end.
2. Continuous development, and the transition from one state to another, which indicates its ability to occur in a different form in the case of the disappearance of certain of its kind.
3. Availability of causality, that is, depending on the appearance of objects and phenomena of the external factors.
4. Reflection, which is present in all occurring processes and is independent of external influences.The highest form of reflection is considered to be abstract thinking.
On the basis of these properties was allocated to the set of laws, which are used in philosophy, dialectics, physics and other sciences.
Thus, the matter - a substance characterized by inconsistency, relatively and absolutely.
In any philosophical doctrine has its own interpretation of the concept of "matter", this is due to the search for an answer to the question of which came first: she or consciousness.The idealistic doctrine deny its objective existence, others defend the view that matter is generated by the spirit, it develops and creates the material world.However, the philosophy distinguishes matter, not only as a material reality, but as the whole of nature, which acts as an objective reality, and has the feature of universality.
Thus, there are three stages of evolution of the concept of "substance", which are characterized by following his interpretation: the thing, properties and relationships.The first stage is connected with the search for a specific subject, which is a fundamental principle of all that exists on Earth.This would serve as the basis for a substrate, for example, water or air.In the future, the nature of things is reduced not only to the presence of the substrate as the presence of certain properties, such as mass, which acts as a carrier structure defined primitive matter (atoms, elements, etc.).Over time, changing idea about this concept.Further, the matter - a substance which, acting on the senses, can cause certain sensations.Therefore, this represents a philosophical category is that it is an objective reality that exists independently of human consciousness, but they are displayed.
