Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia is the only successful example of a long military and political conquest of Russian lands in their history.Invasion of the mighty Mongol army in Russia in 1237-1241 years ended quite badly.However, the meeting with the eastern invaders was not the first.The first acquaintance with the possibilities of nomads took another fourteen years before the main parish in the battle of Kalka in 1223, when the Russian-Polovtsian troops were routed, and the state has lost some of its princes.After this event, the hordes of Genghis Khan temporarily suspended their victorious advance to the west, as the first had to deal with another unyielding opponent - Volga Bulgaria.
West campaign
Unfortunately, the proper conclusions Russian statesmen has not been done to meet the threat to the future with dignity and prevent the Mongol-Tatar yoke.Years passed before the next invasion in endless mutual quarrels and wars of the principality.The result of this negligence was the successful Western campaign Batu (grandson of Genghis Khan, who died in 1227) and commander Subutai.As a result of this campaign was ransacked many Russian cities: Ryazan (1237), Moscow, Tver, Torzhok, Vladimir (all in 1238), Chernigov and Pereyaslavl (1239), and finally, Kiev (1240).Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia determined the vassalage was once the Grand Duchy for centuries to come.Already own raids committed by the invaders during the campaign, have led to disastrous results: were completely and permanently destroyed many towns that have been unable to recover, was destroyed a significant number of live folk.Practical skills and crafts, too, suffered a painful blow.Only the military operations for centuries set the country back in its development.
Russia under the Mongol-Tatar yoke
However, military and political domination of Asian nomads into further two hundred years did not bore any destructive nature.The main form of domination were the so-called shortcuts.Labels were given Russian princes Mongol khans after the approval of their devotion and respect for the latter.After issuing this label essentially Khans intervention into the internal economy of the country ended.The benefit to the Golden Horde established enough of their own infighting and other problems.Of course, the princes paid tribute to the khans, however, and collected its own, determining the total amount of fees, some of which went to the local treasury, a part - to Sarai Batu (the capital of the Mongolian state).Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia even created the conditions for the successful development of certain structures.For example, the traditional policy of non-interference for nomads in religious affairs (which was a very wise move, allows you to find a significant supporters even among the conquered peoples) has created conditions for the development and strengthening of the Orthodox Church in the country.It is important that this occurred during acute confrontation with the Catholic Church and the western knights of the Crusades.
Rise of the Russian principalities and the elimination of oppression
Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia was not eliminated at the same time in different regions.For example, the south-western Galicia and Volyn lands ceded to Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the first half of the XIV century.In most of the Russian territory out of this dependence gradually.Throughout the XV century Horde increasingly lost its power as a result of internal contradictions and external attacks (attacks of Tamerlane, for example).This enabled the Prince of Moscow in 1480 finally throw off all dependence, and was the first stage in the creation of Muscovy.Last further very involved in their possession Tatar khanate.
