development of military space technology in the fifties was mainly towards the establishment of intercontinental tools that can cause damage to the strategic nature.However, mankind has been accumulated experience gained in the development of a special type of ammunition, combining the characteristics of aircraft and missiles.They are driven by a reactive liquid or solid engine, but using lift the plane, the former element in the overall design.It was a cruise missile.Russia (then the USSR) were not as important as the Intercontinental, but work on them is already carried out.After a decade, it was a success.Several examples of this type of weapon in the arsenal of the consist have, or soon will take their place in the ranks deterrent to any potential aggressor.They cause fear and completely discourage the desire to attack our country.
«Tomahawk" with a neutron bomb - a nightmare eighties
At the end of the eighties Soviet propaganda paid great attention to two new types of American weapons.The neutron bomb, which threatens the Pentagon "all progressive humanity", according to his death properties could compete only with "Tomahawk".These selachians shells with thin short planes were able to sneak up on targets on Soviet territory unnoticed, hiding from detection systems in the ravines, riverbeds and other natural depressions of the earth's crust.It is very unpleasant to feel their own vulnerability, and Soviet citizens were outraged that treacherous imperialists to draw back development of socialism in a new arms race, and the reason for it was the cruise missiles.Russia had something to respond to the threat.Only some very informed people know that in fact, something similar is already being developed in the Soviet Union, and things are not so bad.
American ax
prototype of all modern cruise missiles could be called a German flying bomb V-1 (V-1).Outwardly, it resembles the US "Tomahawk", created four decades later: the same plane straight and narrow fuselage, easy to primitiveness silhouette.But there is a difference, and much more.Ammunition, won the English title Cruise Missile, - it is not just a missile equipped with a wing, it is something more.The outward simplicity hides a very complex technical scheme, the main element of which is the super-fast computer, instantly taking the decision to change course and altitude in order to avoid collision with obstacles.It is necessary for flight at extremely low altitude at a rate sufficient to comply with the other terms of surprise, - speed of delivery charge to the goal.And it was important to work well "eyes" of the "sharks".The radar mounted in the nose of the projectile, I saw all the obstacles and passed on information about their electronic brain, which analyzed the terrain and give control signals handlebars (slats, flaps, ailerons, and so forth.).Full supersonic cruise missile Americans then will not work: in the limiting regimes "Tomahawk" comes only at the final stage of the trajectory, but that does not stop him a real threat today, especially in relation to countries lacking sophisticated air defense systems and missile defense.
Soviet Kh-90 is not known for certain
that prompted the Soviet leadership to instruct the start of development of the Kyrgyz Republic.Perhaps intelligence reported about the beginning of the American research in this area, but it is possible that the idea, which arose in the depths of secret research institutes interested in someone from the Ministry of Defence.Anyway, in 1976 work began, and the completion date was set small - six years.From the outset, our designers have gone a different way than their counterparts from the United States.Subsonic speeds they are not seduced.The rocket was to overcome all boundaries to protect a potential enemy at ultra-low altitudes.And at supersonic speed.By the end of the decade it was presented the first prototypes, which are shown in the excellent results of ground tests (up to 3 m).The secret facility is continuously improved, and in the next decade could fly faster than the four already sound velocities.In 1997 alone, the world community was able to see this miracle of technology at the exhibition MAKS in the pavilion scientific production association "Rainbow".Modern cruise missiles Russia are the direct heirs of the Soviet Kh-90.Even the name is preserved, although the changes mentioned has undergone many weapons.Element base became another.
launch of this rocket was supposed to carry out with the Tu-160, a huge strategic bombers capable of carrying the bomb bay in its 12-meter ammunition with a folding planes.The carrier remains the same.
«Koala»
Modern Russian cruise missiles X-90 "Koala" was lighter and shorter than its ancestor: its length is less than 9 meters.Little is known about it, mainly the fact that its very existence (without disclosing details) concern and irritation of our American partners.The reason was the fear of an increased range of flight of the projectile (3,500 km), which is technically in breach of contract on the INF (Intermediate-Range).But that is not afraid of the United States, and that these strategic cruise missiles (as they are called, although the ocean, they can not overcome) are able to "hack" all frontiers of the missile defense system that the United States gently but persistently move close to the Russian borders.
This sample has already received its "NATO" designation: Koala AS-X-21.We call it differently, namely the experimental hypersonic aircraft (Gael).
general principle of its action consists in the fact that, leaving the bomb bays of Tu-160 at the height of from 7 to 20 kilometers, he straightens the delta wing and tail, and then run the accelerator accelerates the projectile to supersonic, and after that comes the launch of the main engine.The rate of the decrease comes to 5M, and her Gael rushes to the goal, which can already be considered doomed.Steal the Kyrgyz Republic is almost impossible.
«Uranus' naval and air
anti-ship missiles and are most often winged.Their trajectory is usually similar to the combat course terrestrial counterparts.The development of these weapons in the Soviet Union was engaged in the design office "Star".In 1984, chief designer GI Khokhlov was tasked with creating a set of tools to combat with surface marine purposes displacement of up to five thousand tonnes (that is relatively small) in terms of active electronic countermeasures and complex meteorological conditions.The result of the team effort was the X-35 "Uranus", according to its characteristics, it roughly corresponds to the parameters of the American KR "Harpoon" and can be used in the salvo mode.The range is 120 km away defeat.The complex is equipped with a system of detection, identification and guidance, established not only on the combat units of the Navy, but also on the aircraft carriers (the Ka-27, Ka-28, MiG-29, Su-24, Su-30, Su-35,Tu-142, Yak-141 and others), which significantly expands the capabilities of this weapon.Running made on ultra-low altitude (200 meters), this type of anti-ship missiles rushing at a speed of more than 1000 km / h is almost over waves (from 5 to 10 m, and in the final segment of the trajectory and all fall to three meters).Given the small size of the projectile (4 m 40 cm in length), it can be assumed that the interception of his very problematic.
«Hundreds X»
After air defenses, both Soviet and American, reached in the development of high capacity, on the application svobodnopadayuschie ammunition abandoned almost all countries.The presence of good-quality, reliable and powerful strategic bombers prompting military leaders to seek their application, and it is found.In the US B-52, and in the Soviet Union Tu-95 began to be used as a flying launchers.In the nineties the main carriers of ammunition Russian strategic and tactical charges, delivered to the target aircraft without crossing the boundaries of air defense became the X-101.In parallel with them developed almost identical samples capable of carrying nuclear warheads.Both the CD is currently classified, know their tactical and technical characteristics is necessary only to a limited circle of persons.We only know that a new model for service received differs it increased combat radius (more than five thousand kilometers), and the stunning defeat of accuracy (up to 10 meters).Warhead X-101 has a high-explosive fragmentation stuffing, and it is the most important is this parameter.Media spetszaryada may not be so accurate: the explosion of the power of tens of kilotons few meters to the right or to the left do not play a big role.For the X-102 (a nuclear carrier) is more important than distance.
«Winged" strategy
all subjects, including the types of arms can be seen only in terms of comparison.There are different defense doctrines, and at a time when some countries seek to absolute global domination, while others simply want to protect themselves from possible aggressive proclivities.If you compare cruise missiles, Russia and the United States, it can be concluded that the technical parameters of American weapons do not exceed the capabilities of their rivals.Both sides are betting on an increase in combat radius that gradually brings the CD from the category of tactical means, giving them more and more "of strategy."The idea is to get the opportunity to resolve geopolitical conflicts by applying sudden and destructional strike, not the first visit of the head of the Pentagon generals - is enough to recall the plans bombing Soviet large industrial and defense centers, developed in the late forties and early fifties, immediately after the appearancea sufficient number of US nuclear warheads.
AGM-158B extended range, US
emergence of new types of weapons in the United States is an event of national importance.Taxpayers are pleased to know that the money paid by them to the budget, the state has acquired one more proof of American global dominance.Rating of the ruling party increases, voters are rejoicing.So it was in 2014, when US strategic forces have received new KR AGM-158B airborne, created as part of the defense program Joint Air To Surface Standoff Missile Extended Range, abbreviated JASSM-ER, which means that this product is intended to strikeEarth's surface and has an extended range of applications.The much-touted new weapons, judging from published data, in no way superior to X-102.Flight distance AGM-158B contains loosely in a wide range - from 350 to 980 km, which is its dependence on the mass of the warhead.Most likely, the actual radius of the nuclear charge it has the same as that of the X-102, i.e. 3500 km.Cruise missiles Russia and the United States have about the same speed, weight and dimensions.Talking about the American technological superiority is not necessary also because of better accuracy, it is true, as already noted, much of the value of such a nuclear strike, it does not matter.
Other CD in Russia and the United States
X-101 and X-102 - are not the only cruise missiles in service with Russia.Also they are alert and other samples, equipped Pulsejet as 16 x 10 and XH (until they experienced), anti-KS-1, DAC 2, DAC-5 with blasting explosive-penetrating warheads or oskolochno-or nuclear explosive activities.You can recall the more modern Raman X-20, X-22 and X-55, which became the prototype of the X-101.And then there is "Termites," "Mosquito", "Amethyst", "malachite" "Basalt", "granite", "Onyx", "Yakhont" and other representatives of the "rock" of the series.These cruise missiles Russia for many years are in service with Air Force and Navy, and the public know about them a lot, but not all.
Americans also have several types of KR earlier generation than the AGM-158B.This tactical "Matador» MGM-1, "Shark» SSM-A-3, "Greyhound» AGM-28, said "Harpoon", "High Hawk" universal bases.Not to deny the US and tested by "Tomahawk", but are working on a promising X-51, capable of flying at hypersonic speeds.
Elsewhere
Even in distant lands, where a Russian or American military threats to military analysts can speak only in science fiction-hypothetical aspect, engineers and scientists are working to develop its own cruise missiles.Not a very good experience of fighting in the Falklands led Argentina's leadership to allocate funds for the design of "Taba AM-1."Pakistan "Hatf-VII Babur" can be run from land-based plants, ships and submarines, it has a subsonic speed (approximately 900 km / h) and a range of up to 700 km.For it even provided, in addition to the conventional, nuclear warhead.In China produced three types of KR (YJ-62, YJ-82, YJ-83).Taiwan meets "Syunfenom 2E."The works, sometimes very successful in European countries (Germany, Sweden, France), as well as in Britain, the purpose of which is not to exceed the cruise missiles Russia or the United States, and to obtain their own armies effective agents.Creating such a complex and high-tech equipment is too expensive, and the latest achievements in this field are available only superpower.
