first king was born in Russia, not in Moscow, and in Kolomenskoye.At that time, Moscow was small, and Russia too small.However, the royal baby was clearly marked and keep God.His childhood was calm failed.Guardians three years of the king - the princes brothers Shuiskys - created in the palace of a reign of terror that every night I had to thank God that he was alive: not poisoned, as a mother, was killed as his older brother, do not rot in jail as his uncle, not tortured tortureas a set of approximate father - Prince Vasily III.
against all the first king in Russia survived!And at age 16, an unexpected blow to the aspirations of the knights married to the kingdom!Certainly, historians say, it is suggested clever Metropolitan Macarius.But it may well be that he realized that the country needs a strong hand to stop the infighting and increment territory.The triumph of autocracy - a celebration of the Orthodox faith, Moscow - the successor of Constantinople.Of course, the idea of a metropolitan wedding was close and clear.The first king in Russia turned out true: and the boyars to heel, and expanded the territory for 50 years of the reign - one hundred percent of the territories of the Russian state have increased, and Russia has become more than the whole of Europe.
royal title
royal title Ivan (the Terrible) used ingeniously, standing on the very different positions in the politics of Europe.Grand-title translates as "Prince" or "Duke", and even the king - is the emperor!
After the coronation of the king's relatives from the mother has achieved many benefits, resulting in an uprising that showed the young John the real situation regarding his reign.Autocracy - is new, arduous, with whom Ivan coped more than successful.
reforms
I wonder why the first king in Russia - John The fourth?Where did this figure?And it is already much later Karamzin wrote his "History of the Russian State" and began the countdown to Ivan Kalita.And when life first king in Russia and was called - John I, diploma approving the throne was kept in a special gold casket-ark, and sat first king in Russia here on this throne.
King pondered the centralization of the state, carried out in rural and labial reforms transformed the army, took the new Code of Law and the Code of Service, convened the first Assembly of the Land, and established a law banning the entry of Jewish merchants.A new coat of arms with an eagle as Ivan the Terrible - a direct descendant of the Rurik.And not just them, on the maternal side of his narrow-minded ancestor - my mother, my grandmother and even my own - the very Sophia Palaeologus, the heiress of the Byzantine emperors.There are someone to be smart, proud, hard-working.And there is also cruel to anyone.But, of course, at the time, and even in the environment without cruelty would have been impossible the transformations that clearly made its first king in Russia.The transformation of the army - two words, but how much is behind them!There was 25,000th strelets army, which had only to equip them with musket, hammers and swords and tear on the farm!However, torn from archers economy gradually.There was artillery number not less than 2 thousand guns.Ivan the Terrible even dare to change the taxation of the great murmur of the Boyar Duma.Of course, the boyars not just grumbled about the infringement of their privileges.They shook the monarchy to the extent that drove the emergence of oprichnina.The guardsmen formed an army of up to 6 thousand men, not counting nearly a thousand power of attorney for special assignments.
in his veins the blood run, when you read about the torture and executions, which administers with a wave of the hand of the sovereign.But not only Ivan the Terrible, even today, historians believe that the oprichnina is not accidental and not from scratch.Boyar was necessary to rein!Besides creeping from the West heresy so shook the foundations of the Orthodox faith, that the throne tottered along with the king seated on it, and all of the Russian state.Ambiguous relations were at the autocracy and the clergy.Before mysticism believer king robbed and monastery lands were repressed clergy.Metropolitan was forbidden to go into business and Oprichnina zemshchina.At the same time the king oprichnina Ivan was abbot, performing many of the monastic duties even sang in the choir.
Novgorod and Kazan
Before the new year 1570 oprichnina army moved into the campaign against Novgorod on suspicion of intent to bring Russia to the Polish king.Already amuse guardsmen to fame.Staged looting massacre in Tver, Klin, Torzhok and the remaining free cities, then destroyed the Novgorod and Pskov.In Tver Malyuta Skuratov was strangled Metropolitan Philip for failing blessings of this bloody campaign.Throughout the king at the root destroyed the local nobility and clerks can say deliberately, together with their wives, children and the household.This robbery lasted for years, I have not yet attacked Russia Crimean Khan Giray Divlet.That's where the show to remove the young oprichnina army!But the army to war was simply not.Guardsmen spoiled, lazy.With Tatars - this is not the boyars and their kids fight.The war was lost.
angry And then Ivan!Terrible sight translated from Novgorod to Kazan.Then there reigned a dynasty Giray.Abolish the sovereign Oprichnina even forbade her name, executed a lot of traitors and villains, three went to Kazan.The third time Kazan surrendered unconditionally and soon became quite a Russian city.Also from Moscow to Kazan in all the earth lined fortress Russian.It was defeated, and the Astrakhan Khanate, joining the Russian lands.Crimean Khan also eventually perepalo: how much can plunder Russia and burn her lovely city?In 1572, the 120,000th Crimean army was broken 20000th Russian army.
Increased areas of war and diplomacy
Then there were significantly beaten the Swedes by the Novgorod troops and signed an advantageous peace as much as 40 years.Tore the first king in Russia to the Baltic Sea, fought with Livonians, Poles, Lithuanians, sometimes even exciting Novgorod suburbs, and yet (to another great first king - Peter) were these attempts are unsuccessful.But my country has frightened in earnest.Even established diplomacy and trade with England.And the king began to think of the Siberian Land, unexplored.But cautious.Well, that Ermak Timofeevich with his Cossacks managed to defeat the army of Khan Kuchum before receiving the order of the king to return to the land conservation Perm, Russia thus rooted Siberia.And after half a century of Russian came out to the Pacific Ocean.
Personality
first king in Russia was not only the first king, but also the first man of the mind, erudition and education.
On the library of Ivan the Terrible has yet to subside legend.Theology he knew at pundits.He laid the foundation of jurisprudence.He was the author of many fine stichera and letters (a poet!).Obliged to open the clergy throughout the school for teaching children to read.He approved polyphonic singing and opened a sort of conservatory in the Alexander settlement.He was a brilliant orator.A printing press?And St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square?The question arose about the canonization of Ivan.But forget the looting, torture, executions, disgrace and murder simply oprichnina and followers of the Orthodox clergy?After the end of the oprichnina, as such, it is not over, just another was called.King repented, wore chains, scourged himself.Huge money is donated to the church of remembrance of those executed and the health of disgraced.He died Schemamonk.
