atom - is the minimum integral particle of matter.His cent is the core around which, like the planets around the sun, electrons revolve.Oddly enough, but this is the smallest particle discovered and formulated the concept of it is still ancient Greek and ancient Indian scientists have neither adequate equipment nor the theoretical framework.Their calculations existed for centuries in the position of hypotheses, and only in the 17th century, chemists were able to experimentally prove the validity of the ancient theories.But science is rapidly moving forward, and at the beginning of the last century, physicists discovered subatomic components and structure of the particles.It was then, and has been refuted by a definition of an atom as an "indivisible."Nevertheless, the concept has already entered into scientific use and save.
ancient scientists believed that the atom - a super-small pieces of any matter.From their shape, massiveness, color and other parameters depend on the physical properties of the substance.For example, Democritus believed that atoms are extremely sharp fire, because he burns, particles of solids have a rough surface, which is tightly attached to each other, the atoms of water - smooth and slippery, as the attached fluid flow.Even the human soul Democritus believed consisting of temporary connection of atoms that disintegrate when the individual dies.
more modern structure proposed at the beginning of the 20th century, Japanese physicist Nagaoka.He introduced the theoretical development, which consists in the fact that the atom - a planetary system in a microscopic scale, and its structure is similar to the Saturn system.This structure was wrong.Closer to reality turned out to be a model of the atom, Bohr Rezerfrda, but it failed to explain the physical and electrical properties of the corpuscles.Only the assumption that the atom - a structure that includes not only the corpuscular properties, and quantum, could explain the greatest number of observed reality.
corpuscles may be in a bound state, and can be - free.For example, an oxygen atom to the molecule, itself connected to other such particles.After the electrical discharge, such as thunderstorms, it is combined into a more complex structure - azine, which consists of triatomic molecules.Accordingly, for a certain kind of compounds of atoms requires certain physical and chemical conditions.But there are stronger bonds between the particles of the molecule.For example, a nitrogen atom linked to the other triple bond, thereby molecule is extremely strong and almost not subject to change.
If the number of protons (elementary particles of the nucleus) in the same number of electrons orbiting, the atom is electrically neutral.If the identity is not the particle has a negative or positive discharge and is called an ion.Usually, these charged particles formed from the atoms under the influence of electric fields, radiations of different nature or high temperature.Jonah chemically hyperactive.These charged atoms are able to rapidly react with other particles.
