Dialectics - a very ambiguous words existing in philosophy since time immemorial.At the time, Hegel capacious phrase described the origin and significance of this philosophical method: "If Thales was the creator of the philosophy of nature, Socrates - moral philosophy, the philosophy of Plato created a third - the dialectic."In the philosophy of the laws of dialectics understood as the doctrine of the most general relations, and the establishment of the basic principles of life, as well as the development of knowledge.Thus, the dialectic is both a philosophical theory and method of knowledge.
laws of dialectics, or items in a simplified form appear in many ancient philosophers, describing the world or the cosmos as internally contradictory process.For Greek epistemology characteristic of a term such as "Sofia" - dialectical comprehension.Elements of dialectics we have seen in the East, especially in the philosophical systems of Taoism and Buddhism (for example, in the doctrine that not every notion of identity itself, or in a paradoxical reasoning that "weakness is great, but the force is negligible").Dialectic is the doctrine of Heraclitus, the Logos - that war and peace, hunger and satiety, water and fire, and every birth - is the death of the previous one.Socrates dialectical ability to conduct a dialogue, which he calls maevtikoy - "the art of the midwife."Dialectical be called Plato's assertion that the idea at the same time there is not a thing.Such examples can be found a lot in the philosophy of the Middle Ages and the New Time.
However, the laws of dialectics of Hegel finally formulated as postulates of the relationship of being and thinking, or rather the domination of thought over being.In its most fundamental works - "Science of Logic", "Philosophy of Nature" and "Phenomenology of Spirit" he refuting the thesis of Kant that the matter does not appear out of consciousness, and consciousness of the matter, in fact, said that both matter and mind developsby the same laws - dialectical logic.Initially there was the identity of being and thinking (esse), but in this identity concealed contradiction between subject and object.Getting to know yourself is the unity of alienating their objective qualities and creates otherness (matter, nature).But since the essence of this otherness is thinking, the logical and the material world, and its meaning is the development of the absolute idea, the highest step of which is Absolute Spirit.
laws of Hegelian dialectics actually are laws of thought as the highest form of knowledge.Thinking is able to detect an object in its own content, which is the concept - the essence of the subject.Only dialectical thinking can comprehend what a reasonable, divine, real and essentially the same need, and not according to appearances.Formal logic is unable to, because it is limited by the laws of thought, grasps the dialectical laws of development.
laws of dialectics, Hegel formulated primarily relate to the concepts.The first law says that the concepts developed from simple to complex, from the concrete to the abstract and, on the contrary, they flow into one another.Creation of new concepts takes place through qualitative changes, leap, "interruption of continuity."The second law states that each concept is a unity of identity and difference - in fact the basis of any of them are opposites, which lead to the movement and development.And finally, the third law - the negation of the negation - describes a scheme of concepts.Every new concept denies the previous one, at the same time that some of it takes, and the subsequent return to the first, but on a different level.
Hegel also developed category, the principles and laws of dialectics.A single, special and general are the main categories of concepts and represent the triad.The scheme itself Hegel's development of being and thinking, natural, spiritual and historical world, too, is a triad.If the original, single-being of thinking he characterizes as "abstract being," the creation of nature the philosopher calls "meaningful existence" and the appearance of man, the historical process and the emergence of knowledge - "a conscious being."Thus, his dialectic - it is "the science of the idea in and of itself sheer."
