scientific method - a set of procedures aimed at establishing general provisions and assess the theories proposed in describing, explaining and predicting phenomena.It is used in various fields.
There is a definite classification of scientific methods.Experts divide them into two basic levels: the methods of theoretical and empirical knowledge.
scientific method of empirical knowledge is applicable in terms of experience, where the main task performed feelings.Such a method includes:
- Observation - a purposeful study of the subject using the functions of the senses, the observer does not interfere in the phenomenon under investigation.
- experiment - to study the subject in specially created and controlled artificial conditions.
- comparison.This method involves determining the differences or similar features of objects or phenomena.
- description of the results of the experiment, observation or experience.For fixing, a special system of notation (charts, tables, diagrams, etc.).
- Measurement - Identification of the quantitative indicators of this or that value.
theoretical scientific method involves the use of thinking as a tool in the study.In turn, this way of learning is divided into formalization and the axiomatic method.
formalization of a display of knowledge by means of symbols and signs (formal language).In this case, the reasoning about the phenomena and objects replace operations with signs.This is particularly clearly reflected in symbolic logic or mathematics.
however, does not always apply the scientific method of formalization.For example, culture or philosophy can not be a symbolic display.This method is appropriate in the natural sciences or engineering.
axiomatic method is the elimination of the knowledge does not require proof of statements (axioms).
general logical methods combine philosophical, theoretical and empirical knowledge.These methods include:
- Analysis - separation of mind into its constituent parts of an object or phenomenon.
- Synthesis - forming part of a whole.
- abstraction - mental release of the most basic properties of an object or phenomenon.
- Idealization - mental operations aimed at the formation of objects, objects, phenomena idealized and do not exist in reality.
- modeling - study with Vice phenomena or objects (models).
Modeling in turn subdivided into a substantive (material) and mental (ideal).
It should be noted that the simulation as a research tool used widely enough.This is especially significant when its application management tasks.Often in complex problems without the possibility of carrying out experiments in a real life simulation becomes necessary and indispensable tool.In situations that are complex enough to use a simple assessment of cause and effect, apply a specially designed model.
Psychology in many of its fields uses the scientific method.Here, as well as in other areas, used deducing hypotheses of theoretical propositions, made a systematic assessment of their critical in a controlled, objective, empirical research.As a result, formulated certain conclusions that are available for in-depth study, play and analysis.
In the study of complex events is used to separate them and the relevant variables.Between them, in turn, using the scientific method, researchers are studying the relationship is established and, subsequently developing and critically evaluate the assumptions associated with the empirical results.
