In the mid-1920s the Soviet leadership took a steady course of industrialization.But the mass construction of industrial facilities needed a lot of money.We decided to take them in the village.Thus began the collectivization.
How it all began
attempts to force the peasants to cultivate the land collectively took the Bolsheviks in the period of the Civil War.But the commune people came reluctantly.The peasants dragged to own land and do not understand why the great difficulty to transfer acquired the property in a "common pot".Therefore, in the municipalities provided mostly poor, and she was reluctantly.
Since the beginning of the NEP, collectivization in the Soviet Union stalled.But in the second half of the 1920s, when the next party congress decided to industrialize, it became clear that it needed a lot of money.Taking overseas loans nobody was going to - because sooner or later they would have to give.So we decided to get the necessary funds at the expense of exports, including grains.Such siphon resources from agriculture could only force the peasants to work for the state.And the massive construction of factories stipulates that the city will attract the workforce that need to be fed.Therefore, collectivization in the Soviet Union was inevitable.
winter of 1927-1928.grain procurement crisis erupted.The peasants, as well as a few years before, in no hurry to take the grain for a penny price.But now the government has decided to take away their harvest force.Adopted in January 1928 directive required the party to punish the peasants who sell grain at high prices.Began mass arrests and confiscation of bread "speculators."
This power did not stop there.In the spring of that year it passed a law on single agricultural.Be exempt collective farms, the wealthy peasants had to pay a decent amount.It becomes a heavy burden and cultural collection, and self-taxation and compulsory subscription to various loans.In fact, it was already the beginning of collectivization: the collective farms were forced to go through economic methods.Soon the rich peasants also lost the right to take out loans, use of hired labor and agricultural equipment to buy.
Forcing
However, all these methods have not led to an increase in the number of farms.Despite the fact that new farms were created favorable conditions for peasants to keep them in a hurry.In November 1929, when Stalin argued that collectivization began in the "great turning point", and the people coming down the collective farms in droves, they actually consisted of only 6-7% of the farms.Moreover, the tax burden has led to the mass protests of peasants, sometimes poured into a spontaneous uprising.
After Stalin's statement about the "turning point" in the Soviet Union accelerated collectivization.Before the party leadership of the republics were set a clear timetable to which all farmers in the region were to be combined into collective farms.The massive confiscation and eviction of the "kulaks" on a huge scale: the Urals and Siberia went to thousands of people who had recently been successful hosts.Under cannibalization, however, fall not only wealthy farmers: in many regions, it turned into a banal robbery.Often there were cases when local activists drags rural huts, even furniture, and punched prokulak declared or those who simply do not want to go to the farm.In this situation, the villagers began to flee to the city, selling their property for a pittance to somehow survive.
result of this policy has been and increase in the number of peasant uprisings.The country was on the brink of civil war.Only the lack of organization and poor armed peasants allowed the Bolsheviks to avoid another serious confrontation.And it could well undermine their authority, because of their support of the regime - the army - most of them came from the village.In March 1930, the pressure on the peasants decided to reduce.The new ruling party, as this article was published before Stalin's "Dizzy with success", condemned coercion when entering the farm.The peasants began to leave en masse hated for their economy.But turning back was not there.Released from the farm levied such taxes that lead garden land becomes simply impossible.
Results collectivization
By 1932 collectivization in the Soviet Union actually ended.Most of the farmers labor on collective farms.That's only for their work they receive a tiny portion of the crop.The rest is exported.The result was a massive theft of corn in the fields, for which the new legislation provides for 10 years or shot.Breadbasket of the USSR famine struck.In Ukraine, for instance, died out whole villages.Not the best situation was in the Kazakh steppes where carried out forced harvesting of meat.
In fact, the goal of collectivization was achieved.Intimidated by repression and hunger peasants humbly worked on the farm in exchange for a meager payment in kind - the so-called workdays.The state received from the village of necessary resources.But the collective farms themselves did not become effective the farms, on the contrary, become one of the causes of the crisis of the Soviet economy.
