After the death of Stalin in Soviet history, a new period began, won with a light hand of the writer Ilya Ehrenburg called "Khrushchev thaw".What has changed in this time, and what were the consequences of Khrushchev's reforms?
Breaking stereotypes
beginning of a new period, marked by the failure of the Soviet leaders from Stalin's repressive policies.Of course, this does not mean that the struggle for power new leaders to behave like a gentleman.Already in 1953 appeared among the collective leadership (Khrushchev, Beria, Malenkov), the struggle for power.The result was the dismissal and arrest of Lavrenty Beria, who was shot on charges of spying and conspiring.
In relation to the ordinary citizens of the policy of Khrushchev and his associates was characterized by clotting of repression.At first it was discontinued "doctors' case", later he began the rehabilitation of the remaining political prisoners.For the Soviet leaders became clear that repression can not be silent about.The consequence of this was the famous report "about Stalin's personality cult and its consequences," sounded from the lips of Khrushchev at the Twentieth Party Congress.Despite the fact that the report was confidential, its contents became known quickly throughout the country.However, this de-Stalinization in the public sphere and in fact ended.Khrushchev and his associates were well aware that if you expand this theme further, the company may think about changing the entire Soviet leadership: after all, the speaker, and his colleagues took an active part in the mass repressions, signing hit list and sentences triples.But even such a half-hearted criticism at the time was a bombshell.
of literature and art Khrushchev Thaw brought some leeway.State control over the creative process has weakened, contributing to the emergence of works on topics that were previously considered taboo, for example, about life in Stalin's camps.However, by the early '60s, Khrushchev had begun to screw nuts and actively impose their views during a meeting with intellectuals.But it was too late: a thaw in the USSR has already come, and in the ranks of the intelligentsia began to grow protests that led to the emergence of dissidents.
Scope Management
reforms could not affect the government and the party itself.The republican authorities and party organizations have received broader authority, including in the area of economic planning.Attempts have been made to update the leading cadres of party organizations, ended in failure due to resistance nomenclature.
But the most important innovation was the elimination of the ministries and of the Council of the national economy (economic councils).These bodies were created in the territory of 1-2 areas for the management of industry and construction.It was assumed that the economic councils will better manage local affairs, knowing the needs of the region.But in practice, this reform has created a lot of problems.Firstly, the economic councils of managed objects in the same team style as the Ministry.Secondly, quite often we ignore the interests of the state or the neighboring regions.Therefore, after Khrushchev everything returned to normal.
Social services, education, agriculture, social sphere
Khrushchev thaw touched the most.Firstly, the legislation has been improved, so that there were retirement pension, which, however, did not affect farmers.I changed and the timetable enterprises: was introduced two days.
Secondly, in the social sector to start to solve one of the most sensitive issues - the housing.It was decided to mass housing construction.It was carried out at a faster pace, not only because of budgetary infusions, but also because of the cheapness of the material.Five-story concrete boxes were built for a couple of weeks.Of course, these houses have a lot of shortcomings, but for people living and working in the basement of the barracks, it was just luxury apartments.However, even at that time the government and not rely on our own forces, it was to stimulate the creation of housing co-operatives, where citizens have invested in housing money.
reforms carried out in the education system.Under the new law, introduced compulsory 8-year education.After 8 years spent for the school desk, the student could choose to complete their education to him for three years, or go to a vocational school, college or vocational school.In reality, the reform did not come close to the production of school becauseat schools simply did not have financial means to give students work profession.Detrimental to the national republics has been the adoption of laws in which the language of instruction in the school chosen by parents and students can be exempted from learning the language of the Union Republic.This intensified Russification and reduced the number of national schools.
Besides the social sphere, covered Khrushchev's thaw and agriculture.Farmers received passports and freedom of movement.We were increased purchase prices for the crop, which increased the profitability of farms.But here, not without failures undertakings.These include craze and corn crops, and consolidation of farms.Problems created and the elimination of the machine and tractor stations.The farms got the right equipment, but it got into huge debts as funds for its acquisition they did not have.
Khrushchev reforms have changed a lot in Soviet society and many of them were progressive for the time.But their crudity and chaos on the one hand, and the resistance of the party bureaucracy - on the other, led to their failure and eliminate Khrushchev leadership positions.
