to the study of the development of society and the state, there are two main approaches - civilizational and formational.The first is based on the fact that the criterion of the typology is the current level of civilization of different countries.
formation approach to the study of society presupposes that throughout history in the development of humanity passes certain stages (formation) different from each other base and superstructure.Prominent representatives of the second approach are Marx and Engels.
Formation - Historically type of society, which is based on a certain way of material production.The foundation of all social relations, on the basis of the above, are productive.
formation approach includes such concepts as the basis and superstructure.This means the totality of relations in the sphere of economy, emerging in the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods.The nature of the relations of production is not dependent on consciousness and will, it influences the achieved level and needs of any material productive forces these relations.Under the superstructure of a set of legal, religious, political and other views and attitudes.The structure of the superstructure constitute social relations in society, certain forms of family life and lifestyle.
formational meaning of the concept lies in the fact that as a result of the forces of production, they are the respective relations of production, which replace the existing and define the appearance of the new formation.
For each of them characterized by certain basic forms of ownership and dominant in politics and in the economy of the leading classes.Agrarian civilizations correspond to the stage of primitive, slave, feudal society.Capitalist - industrial civilization.Higher formation was considered a Communist, which from a Marxist point of view is based on the best, economically more developed basis.
Himself K. Marx distinguishes three formations - primary, secondary and tertiary.The primary was a primitive (archaic), secondary - economic, which includes ancient, Asian, feudal and capitalist (bourgeois) production methods, tertiary - Communist.That is, according to this theory, the formation is a certain stage of historical progress, each of which progressively and regularly bring people nearer to communism.
formation approach involves the development of a constant, unwavering and progressive transformation of society from the lowest to the highest types in connection with changes and development of the relations of production.The central point of the theory is that a change of formation occurs through class struggle and social revolution, political means resolving conflicts that arise between the base and the superstructure.
formation approach to the typology of the state is also based on the Marxist doctrine of changing socio-economic formations.Historical types of State (slave, feudal, capitalist and then socialist) corresponding to each of them.
formation approach has several drawbacks:
- exaggerated role of economics in public life;
- underestimated the role of spiritual superstructure and other factors;
- predetermination of historical processes;
- historical development occurs unilinearly;
- attachment to materialistic views.
Currently formational approach is interpreted more broadly.The history of mankind is considered from the perspective of the constant progress of the development of the productive forces.
