Antibiotics are the waste products of microorganisms, plants and animals, and their semi-synthetic derivatives and synthetic products of this series, which in humans or animals destroy or suspend the development of pathogens.Antibiotics also affect the rate of biochemical reactions.Today synthesized by a wide variety of antibiotics, but is used in medical practice only some of them.This is due to their high toxicity.The principal group of antibiotics that are derived from microorganisms, animal and plant tissues.
main raw material for the production of antibiotics are fungi (griseofulvin, penicillin), actinomycetes (tetracyclines, rifamycins, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, polyenes), mushrooms (fuzidin-), bacteria (gramicidin, polymyxin), lichens (usnic acid), plants (rafanin, imanin, volatile), animals (lysozyme, erythrite, Leikin, interferon ekmolin, gamma globulins).
Antifungal antibiotics - diverse group biosoedineny that are capable of destroying biological membranes microscopic fungi, causing their death.The most popular are such preparations as "levorin", "Natamycin" "Nystatin".Nowadays, these drugs are not prescribed very often, due to low efficiency and high toxicity.Modern pharmacy offers a large number of high-performance synthetic antifungal drugs that are gradually replacing antifungal antibiotics.
view of chemical structure, distinguish such groups of antibiotics: cephalosporins, penicillins, macrolides, levomitsitin, tetracyclines, polymyxin, an aminoglycoside, rifamycins and polyenes.Antibiotics, unlike chemical antiseptics, falling on the surface of the microbial cells or penetrate inside, even in small concentrations, osmotic violate its vital functions (reproduction, respiration, nutrition) showing bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect.
Groups antibiotic mechanism of action: inhibitors of the cell membrane (cephalosporins, penicillins);inhibitors of different stages of the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids (chloramphenicol, streptomycin, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, rifamycins, hloromitsiny, actinomycins).The most dangerous drugs in this group are the antibiotics chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides, which can cause severe bone marrow, liver and kidneys.
Thanks to modern technology has been studied mechanism of antimicrobial action of antibiotics on a molecular level, which expanded the understanding of the underlying processes that occur under their influence.For example, researchers found that a violation of protein synthesis under the influence of drugs teratsiklina, chloramphenicol and erythromycin occur at different stages.Chloramphenicol inhibit the activity of the enzyme peptidyl transferase, erythromycin acts on the enzyme translocase and tetracyclines - the process of attaching the transfer ribonucleic acid to the ribosome.
group of antibiotics based on a range of antimicrobial action.All antibiotics are drugs are classified into a narrow and a wide spectrum of action.Such narrow-spectrum drugs as "Erythromycin", "oleandomitsina" - operate mainly on gram-positive microflora, and polymyxin B - Gram-negative and polyenes - mushrooms.
preparations with a broad spectrum of action (streptomycins, levomitsitin, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides) act on gram-positive and gram-negative microflora, as well as some viruses, fungi, rickettsia, leptospira, protozoa.
