for modern psychology is no longer a secret of the fact that the person in the course of its development and formation is a series of steps that differ by level:
- physical;
- mental;
- spiritual;
- and intellectual development.
other words, the process of growth and development is accompanied by certain changes in the functioning of the body, which allows to distinguish one step from another.And these changes have a strong relationship with age.This concept is called age periodization.
In his works, many scholars and activists from the psychology of the stage in the age periodization: Freud, Vygotsky, El'konin.This article will be considered in more detail exactly age periodization Elkonin DB - the most popular within the modern domestic psychology.
theory Russian scientist was based on the fact that a certain stage of development (this implies age, mental and physical development level) corresponds to a certain kind of leading activity (WA). Where a dominant activity is understood as an activity in which the acquisition occurs mental tumors.
periodization age of proposed D. El'konin as a representative of the cultural-historical theory of Vygotsky, has a number of characteristics and key concepts.Development of personality, its formation and due to continuous social interaction.Only through social interaction and practical activities of the child develops mentally.Social conditionality chat adult and a child (even if it is a baby learning to deal with subjects such as the second phase, called "early childhood") allows the latter indirectly absorb social boundaries, ethics, roles, stereotypes action, etc.
So age periodization in the framework of DBElkonina divided into 6 stages:
- Infant.Up to 1 year.Leading activity (hereinafter HP) children of this age is to communicate with adults.The child learns to interact with others, primarily with her mother with the help of gestures, facial expressions and sounds.The close emotional communication allows the child to develop the personal sphere: through the mother, he knows himself and the world around us, learning to react and communicate.
- early childhood.Up to 3 years.The life of the child objects appear.They can be touched, biting, breaking, etc.Thus, the child understand that can affect the world, affecting, in particular, those items that are available for impact.During this period, developing visual-active thinking by manipulation of objects.
- preschool age.Up to 7 years.HP this period - role-playing game, in which children learn to interact with each other, learn to obey and follow the rules.During this period, there is also a need for a public interest activity, there is a desire to be helpful to co-operate.
- primary school age.Up to 11 years.VD-teaching the child-student learns to control his behavior according to the accepted rules and requirements.He develops an arbitrary (to sit at a desk for 30 minutes, listening to the teacher and not being distracted), self-control (to postpone the game and do your homework) and an internal plan of action (build procedure for homework).
- Adolescence.Up to 15 years.VD-communication with peers.The desire to find themselves a place in the team.Appears self-esteem - that sees itself as a teenager on a background of their friends, class, company, compares himself with others.The main demand - to be part of the group, getting her support, to feel the unity.
- adolescence.Up to 17 years.During this period the attention of young people aimed at understanding of future activities, updated selection of his way in life.Interprets the possible scenarios after school.Children often ask, "Who do I want to be? What I want to do? What profession do I need?"HP - educational and professional.It appears responsibility for their future.
developed DB El'konin age periodization allows you to better understand the motivations of each child's age to help parents and caregivers to provide it with all necessary for full development.
