a long time, at the end of the XIX and in the XX century, in psychology there methodological crisis connected with the vagueness and uncertainty of the ultimate goals of psychological research.The discrepancy in the understanding of what mental development, in determining the laws and conditions of its course, has led to a number of different concepts, based on the social and biological factors, the leading role of heredity and environment in the development of the psyche.However, the existence of different scientific schools promoted the accumulation of the set of empirical data on the development of the individual in different periods of life, which have developed in some theories to explain behaviors that reveal the mechanisms that form certain mental qualities of man.
In modern science, the development of the psyche has traditionally been seen as part of the most famous destinations: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, humanistic and genetic theories.
Mental development from the point of view of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud
created a theory of the unconscious, argued that mental processes are mostly unconscious, and only a few spiritual experiences realized person.The creation and development of human cultural values, Freud explained only the beginning of sexual and productive interaction of biological and social parties in the development of the psyche - defense mechanisms.As part psychosexuality analysts see great and mental development of children's personality in periods.Everyone is familiar with their assigned stage of the sexual instinct, which affect the psyche of the child and then an adult.
mental development in terms of genetic psychology
theory of Piaget - the brightest and most famous, connects the development of the child's mind with intelligence.Cognitive scientists determine the maturation process of adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.Knowledge of the world is caused by the desire to adapt or adapt.Adaptation, in turn, consists of the assimilation process - changes in existing views under the influence of new information and accommodation, which allows you to process the information received and to develop new ways of behavior as a reaction to it.The psyche is developed with a balanced alternation of these processes.
Humanistic theory and development of the psyche
brand new look for the mental development of the human existential psychologists.They recognize the uniqueness and originality of a man who is open and self-developing system.The inner world of each individual, his self - a complex web of individual psychological characteristics and needs.How true is the real experience helps to understand its internal "I" and, therefore, the level of needs and aspirations, will be so high degree of congruence of personality.The desire for greater congruence is, according to the humanistic psychologists, fundamental feature of human nature, and the purpose of its development - the maximum expression of the self in the process of self-actualization.Famous psychologist Maslow believed that human life should be possible to correctly identify and demonstrate personality, creating his "I".It was a conscious desire, not unconscious desire govern his actions and deeds.On the path of self-actualization and self-improvement there are various obstacles that each person must overcome bow to difficulties, it ceases to develop, which can lead to neurotic disorders.
Humanistic psychology also identified an important role for the social environment of human mental development.This role is twofold, because on the one hand and society contributes to the development of self-actualization, and on the other, trying to erase the personality to make a person like everyone else.Optimal in terms of the individual and society from the perspective of humanistic psychology is such an interaction in which a person identifies himself with the company in the external manifestations, but it retains its identity and self in the process of intrapersonal development.
