DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - a kind of drawing life complicated code, which entered the data on genetic information.This complex macromolecule is able to store and transmit hereditary genetic information from generation to generation.
DNA defines such properties of any living organism as heredity and variability.The coded information it sets the entire program of any living organism.Genetically inherent factors determine the entire course of human life.The intervention of the doctors or the natural effects of the environment can only marginally affect the overall severity of certain genetic traits or affect the development of pre-programmed processes.
DNA decoding code which has not only a scientific but also practical value, allows doctors to carry out prevention of those diseases to which the person is predisposed at birth.Knowing about the features of the structure of the genome of the patient, the doctor is able to predict the body's response to the impact of the external environment, to predict the outcome of the disease and the effectiveness of specific drugs, etc.
nucleic acid molecules are connected in a certain order, manage the entire process of synthesis of proteins and enzymes, which control the exchange of energy and matter in the human body.The structure of the proteins and their functions are defined by the amino acids from which they are composed.An important role is played by the order of these amino acids in the protein molecule.
If we consider the deeper layers of DNA determine the composition of its four types of nucleotides: thymidylic (T), adenine (A), guanine (G) and cytidylic (C).Itself macromolecule coated chromosome reaches a length of 1 meter.Its thickness is thus equal to only one nanometer (one billionth of a meter).
DNA formula looks like a literal record of the sequence of nucleotides in the chain.For example, it can have this kind: AGTCATGCCAG.
DNA has been the subject of research scientists for decades.The fact that the genes are separate portions of the molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, installed in the middle of the 20th century.At the same time, scientists were convinced that these portions of the molecules responsible for the structure of proteins.
From this was identified the relationship between the chemical structure of DNA molecules and protein molecules themselves.The essence of this dependence is that the order of the DNA into proteins corresponds to the order of the structural units of DNA (nucleotides) in the gene.
The discovery was revolutionary in terms of understanding the essence of the basic DNA.Deciphering the genetic code allowed scientists to get close to the main mysteries of the human genetic information.
human genetic code is written as a specific sequence of nucleotides in the main carrier of information - the DNA.Deciphering the structure of macromolecules in 1953 became a major milestone in the history of microbiology.For the contribution to this discovery Dzh.Uotson, F.Krik M.Uilkins and were awarded the Nobel.
DNA decoding requires a lot of time.This is because one molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid, contains a large amount of data encrypted with a complex code.The nucleus of one cell can hold so much information that would fill a million pages of scientific encyclopedia.
first read the human genome, the so-called draft of the failed in 2001, although completely on completion of the project took two additional years.On the project was spent 300 million dollars, it was attended by several scientific organizations.
Full record genome was made in 2007.The project budget has amounted to $ 1 million.
Today procedure, called 'DNA decoding of the human chromosomes, "performed on one machine, and its cost has decreased to a record in the entire previous history.It is equal to 50 thousand dollars.
