essence of man - is a philosophical concept that reflects the natural characteristics and intrinsic characteristics that are inherent to all people in one way or another, distinguishing them from other forms of life and birth.You can find a variety of views on this issue.Many of this concept is evident, and it is often no one thinks.Some believe that there is any particular entity or, at least, it is incomprehensible.Others argue that it is knowable, and put forward a variety of concepts.Another common point of view - that the essence of the people is directly related to the individual, which is closely intertwined with the psyche, which means knowing the latest, and you can understand the essence of man.
main aspects
main predpossylkoy existence of any human individual is the functioning of his body.It is - part of the natural world around us.From this point of view, man is a thing among other things, and a part of the evolutionary process of nature.But this definition is limited, and underestimates the role of active-conscious life of the individual, without going beyond the passive-contemplative gaze characteristic of materialism 17-18 centuries.
In today's presentation of people - not just a part of nature, but also the highest product of its development, the social media form the evolution of matter.And not just the "product", but also a creator.It is an active being with vitality in the form of abilities and inclinations.Through conscious, purposeful action is actively changing the environment in the course of these changes varies itself.Objective reality, transformed labor, becomes human reality, "second nature," "the world of man."Thus, this aspect of life is the unity of nature and the spiritual knowledge of the manufacturer, that is, is the socio-historical.The process of improving technology and industry is an open book of the essential powers of humanity.Reading it, you can come to understand the term "human nature" in the objectified, sales form, not only as an abstract concept.It can be found in the nature of the substantive work when there is a dialectical interaction of natural material, the creative forces of a person with a specific socio-economic structure.
Category "existence"
This term refers to the individual's actual existence in everyday life.It was then shown the essence of human activity, a strong link all kinds of individual behavior, the existence of its abilities and with the evolution of human culture.The existence of a much richer nature and, as a form of its expression, includes, in addition to the forces of human existence, as the diversity of social, moral, biological, and psychological qualities.Only the unity of both of these concepts constitutes human reality.
Category "human nature"
In the past century, human nature were identified, and the need for a separate notion questioned.But the development of biology, the study of the neural organization of the brain and causes the genome to look at this relationship in a new way.The main question is whether there is a constant, structured nature of man independent of all influence, or whether it is ductile and changing nature.
philosopher F. Fukuyama from the United States believes that there is one, and it ensures the continuity and stability of our existence as a species, as well as with the religion of our most basic and fundamental values.Another scientist from America S.Pinker, defines human nature as a set of emotions, cognitive abilities and motivations that are common in people with normally functioning nervous system.From these definitions it follows that the human individual features are explained biologically inherited properties.However, many scientists believe that the brain only determines the possibility of formation of abilities, but not their causes.
"The essence of a"
Not everyone believes the concept of "human nature" lawful.According to such a direction as existentialism, one does not have a particular species-being, as it is "an entity in itself."Karl Jaspers, the largest of its representative believed that such sciences as sociology, physiology, and others give only knowledge of some particular aspects of human existence, but can not penetrate into its essence, which is the existential (existence).This scholar believed that the individual can explore in different aspects - in physiology as the body in sociology - a social being, in psychology - the soul, and so on, but it does not answer the question of what is human naturebecause it always represents a little more than he can have an effect.Close to this point of view, and neo.They deny that an individual can find something in common.
conception of man
in Western Europe believe that published in 1928 the work of German philosophers Scheller ("The position of man in the universe"), as well as Plessner "Steps of organic and man," marked the beginning of philosophical anthropology.Several philosophers A.Gelen (1904-1976 gg.), N. Henstenberg (1904), E. Rothaker (1888-1965 gg.), O. Bollnov (1913) - engaged exclusively in it.The thinkers of the time made many wise ideas of a man who still has not lost its defining values.For example, Socrates urged his contemporaries to know ourselves.The philosophical essence of human happiness and the meaning of life were associated with comprehension of the essence of man.Call Socrates was continued saying: "Know yourself - and you'll be happy!"Protagoras argued that a person - is the measure of all things.
In ancient Greece, the first time there was a question about the origin of humans, but often it was decided speculative.Syracuse philosopher Empedocles first suggested an evolutionary, natural origin of man.He believed that everything in the world is moving enmity and friendship (love and hate).According to the teachings of Plato, soul live in a world Emporium.He likened the human soul chariot, which is the will of the ruler, and harnessed to her senses and mind.Feelings pull it down - a rude, material enjoyment, and Mind - up, to realize the spiritual postulates.This is the essence of human life.
Aristotle saw 3 people in the soul: rational, animal and vegetable.Herbal soul responsible for the growth, maturing and aging of the body, the animal - for independence in the movements and range of psychological feelings, reasonable - for self-realization, spiritual life and thinking.Aristotle first to realize that the very essence of man is his social life, defining it as a social animal.
Stoics identified the morality and spirituality, lay a solid foundation of representations of him as a moral being.You may recall Diogenes, who lived in a barrel, which is a lighted lantern in broad daylight in a crowd person sought.In the Middle Ages the ancient sights have been criticized, and complete oblivion.Representatives of the Renaissance updated antique look, put people at the center of world, marked the beginning of humanity.
On the essence of human
According to Dostoevsky, the essence of man is a mystery that needs to solve, and let him who will undertake it and spend it on life, not to say that nothing had a great time.Engels believed that the problems of life will be solved only when it is fully known by people offering ways to achieve this.
Frolov describes it as a subject of socio-historical process as a biosocial being genetically related to other forms, but the separated due to the ability to make tools, having speech and consciousness.The origin and essence of man is best traced on the background of nature and wildlife.Unlike the latter, the people are represented beings that are characterized by the following main features: consciousness, self-awareness, work and social life.
Linnaeus, classifying fauna, including humans in the animal kingdom, but took it, along with the apes, hominids to the category.Homo sapiens It is located on the top of its hierarchy.Man - the only creature that is inherent in the consciousness.It is possible thanks to articulate speech.With awareness comes word the man himself, as well as the surrounding reality.They - the primary cell carriers of the spiritual life, allowing people to share the content of their inner life with the help of sound, images or signs.The inalienable place in the category of "the essence and existence of man" belongs to labor.I wrote about this classic political economy, Adam Smith, the predecessor of Marx and student Hume.He defined man as "an animal worker."
Labour
in determining the specificity of the human essence of Marxism rightly gives the work of major importance.Engels said that he accelerated the evolutionary development of a biological nature.A man in his work is completely free, unlike animals who work hard coded.Users can perform a completely different job and in every one.We are free to an extent in the work that we can not even ... working.The essence of human rights is that, apart from the duties accepted in society, there are rights that are available to the individual and it is a tool of social protection.The behavior of people in a society governed by public opinion.We, as well as animals feel pain, thirst, hunger, sex drive, balance, etc., but all our instincts are controlled society.Thus, labor - is a conscious activity assimilated into society.The content of consciousness was formed under his influence, and fixed in the process of participation in the relations of production.
social essence of man
Socialization is the process of acquisition of the elements of social life.Only in a society absorbed by behavior that is not guided by instinct, but by public opinion to curb animal instincts, accepted language, traditions and customs.Here people adopt experience of production relations of previous generations.Beginning with Aristotle, it was considered a major public nature of the structure of personality.Marx, in fact, saw the essence of a person only in public nature.
Person does not choose the conditions of the outside world, she just always in them.Socialization is due to the absorption of social functions, roles, gaining social status, adaptation to social norms.At the same time the phenomena of social life are possible only through individual action.As an example, art, when artists, filmmakers, poets and sculptors create his own labor.Society sets the parameters of the social definition of a person, according to the program of social inheritance, support balance within this complex system.
man in the religious world
religious worldview - it is a world, which is based on a belief in something supernatural (spirits, gods, miracles).Therefore, the problem of man is viewed through the prism of the divine.According to the teachings of the Bible, the basis of Christianity, God created man in His image and likeness.Let us dwell on this doctrine.
God created man out of the dirt of the earth.Modern Catholic theologians say that the divine act of creation, there were two: first - the creation of the world (the universe) and the second - the creation of the soul.In ancient biblical texts of the Jews claimed that the soul - the breath of man, what he breathes.Therefore the soul of God blows through the nostrils.It is the same as that of the animal.After the death of the breath stops, the body turns to dust, but the soul is dissolved in the air.After some time, the Jews became identified with the soul of human or animal blood.
Bible is a great role in the spiritual nature of man removes his heart.According to the authors of the Old and New Testament, thinking takes place not in the head but in the heart.It also is the wisdom given by God to man.But there is only his head to her growing hair.The Bible does not even hint at the fact that people are able to think a head.This idea had a great influence on European culture.The great scientist of the XVIII century, a researcher of the nervous system Buffon was convinced that a man thinks his heart.The brain, in his opinion - a body of power of the nervous system.The New Testament writers acknowledge the existence of the soul as substance, independent of the body.But the very notion of uncertainty.Today Jehovah's Witnesses interpret the texts of the New Testament in the spirit of the Old and do not recognize the immortality of the human soul, believing that after death existence ceases.
spiritual nature of man.The concept of personality
man is such that in the conditions of social life it is able to transform into a spiritual man in person.In the literature you can find many definitions of personality, its characteristics and features.First of all, being conscious decisions and liable for all their behavior and actions.
spiritual essence of man - is the content of the individual.Central here is the outlook.It is generated in the process of mental activity, which distinguishes three parts: it will, senses and mind.In the spiritual world there is nothing else than the intellectual, emotional, volitional activities and motives.Their relationship is ambiguous, they are in a dialectical relationship.Between feelings, will and mind there is some inconsistency.Balancing between these parts of the psyche and the spiritual life.
personality - it is always the product and the subject of an individual life.It is formed not only on the basis of its own existence, but also due to the influence of other people that come into contact.The problem of the nature of man can not be considered one-sided.Educators and psychologists believe that talk about personal individualization is possible only from the time when the individual manifests perception of self, personal identity is formed, when it starts otdelayat yourself from other people.Personality "builds" his line of life and social behavior.In philosophical terms, this process is called individualization.
purpose and meaning of life
concept of the meaning of life - individual, because this problem is not solved classes without labor groups, not science, and individuals, individuals.To solve this problem - it means to find their place in the world, their personal self-determination.From ancient times, thinkers and philosophers have tried to answer the question of why a person lives, the essence of the notion of "meaning of life", why he came into the world and what happens to us after death.The call for self-knowledge was a major fundamental installation of Greek culture.
"Know thyself" - called Socrates.For this thinker meaning of human life lies in philosophizing, finding oneself, overcoming ignorance and test (search for what it means good and evil, truth and error, fine and ugly).Plato argued that happiness is attainable only after death, in the afterlife, the soul - the perfect essence of man - is free from the shackles of the body.
According to Plato, man's nature is defined by his soul, or rather body and soul, but with the superiority of the divine, immortal beginning of the corporeal, mortal.The human soul, according to this philosopher, is composed of three parts: the first - a perfectly reasonable, and the second - vozhdelyayusche-willed, the third - the instinctive-affective.From which of them has the upper hand, man's fate depends on the meaning of life, activities.
Christianity in Russia has adopted a different concept.The main measure of all things becomes higher spiritual first principle.By realizing their sinfulness, smallness, insignificance, even before the ideal, in the pursuit of it is revealed to man the prospect of spiritual growth, consciousness becomes directed to the constant moral improvement.The desire to do good is becoming the core of the individual, the guarantor of its social development.
In the era of the French materialists of the Enlightenment rejected the notion of human nature as the totality of the material, corporeal substance and an immortal soul.Voltaire denied the immortality of the soul, and the question of whether there is a divine justice after death, preferred to keep "a reverent silence."He did not agree with Pascal that person - a weak and insignificant creature in nature, "thinking reed."
