Modern states usually divided into developed and developing.The first is traditionally regarded as the leaders of the world economy, the second - as those that might be used to qualify for the respective status.But what are the criteria of differentiation between developed and developing?Thereby possibly reducing the backlog of some countries on others?
principles of economic classification of
So modern economists allocated by developed countries and developing countries.Based on what criteria this classification is valid?A similar scheme was put into circulation Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The basic criterion proposed by the experts of the organization, - the extent to which the national economy of a state market criteria and financial indicators: GDP per capita, the level of technological sectors, the quality of social institutions, and so on. D. There IMF methodology, according to which the considered classificationcountries ("developed and developing") is not used, instead of the practice of pointing to the best and that do not fall under this category.
There are areas, whose characteristics do not allow to give any state leadership.For example, many demographic problems of developed and developing countries coincide.Likewise is the case also with climatic resources, the environment - not always in the developed countries the situation in these areas is better than in developing countries.
developed countries
now usually referred to the developed countries of Western Europe, USA, Canada, Israel, the Asian countries - Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand.These states have a per capita GDP of not less than 30 thousand. Dollars, a stable economy, a high level of social institutions.The leading economic and political terms, the country is called the "Big Seven" - the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Canada and Japan.The share of the G7 accounts for about 50% of world GDP.
specifics of developed economies
developed countries and developing countries are different, first of all, macroeconomic indicators.Whereby the states of the first type is possible to be a leader?According to one common version, the GDP in developed countries than in developing countries, due to two main reasons: availability of capital (which you can invest in a variety of industries and thereby contribute to economic growth), as well as the openness of the market (so that one or the otherbusiness segment has the necessary consumer demand).
actual structure of the economies of developed countries, as noted by some researchers, not necessarily assume diversification.For example, in the GDP of Norway observed a strong dependence on oil exports.However, excessive emphasis in economic development in the relevant sector in Norway - not a problem due to the persistence of markets, but also because of the presence of the country has very large reserves.
role of transnational corporations
significant differences in developed countries from developing that in the states of the first type the leading role played by transnational corporations.Actually, in many respects their activity determines the openness of foreign markets for the countries of the respective category.Developing countries do not always have this resource.Another difference from the developed countries, developing countries - of the importance of the role of small and medium-sized enterprises.Small companies - is, first, the reduction of social burden on the state (citizens employ themselves by opening businesses and to hire others), and secondly, it is an additional resource for the collection of taxes.
significance of social institutions
developed countries and developing countries also differ in the level of social institutions - law, public administration and education.In the states of the first type is usually implemented sufficiently effective legal system optimally combines the necessary bureaucratic mechanisms and freedom of business from unnecessary formalities.The system of state management much attention is paid to the introduction of democratic institutions - with emphasis on the development of appropriate initiatives at the local, locally, not nationally.The most important condition for maintaining the status of a developed state - competitive education system.Its presence determines the formation of the best staff who will be directly involved in the modernization of the economy and maintaining its highly developed status.
role of the state in developed economies
Above we noted that developed countries and developing countries are different in that in the first place - a large percentage of private businesses.However, in most countries, the appropriate type of very significant role played by government institutions to implement the necessary economic adjustment.The main objective of these activities of the authorities - the optimal conditions for the formation of commodity-money businesses communications both within the state and with its trading partners.Government can regulate the economy through their own participation in business processes through state-owned enterprises or implement certain legislative initiatives.
liberalization in developed economies
The most important feature of the economic system of the developed states - open foreign markets.This can be traced liberal approach to the organization of the economic system in most of the appropriate type.However, the country must be ready for active communication in foreign markets, especially in the aspect of competitiveness of goods produced by domestic enterprises.
impact of globalization on developed and developing countries in this sense can be dissimilar.State of the first type, usually adapted to the competitive conditions of the global market, and therefore can feel comfortable in an environment where the economy should be constantly improved in order to offer the best products and services.Developing countries because of the possible scarcity of capital, and - as a result - the level of manufacturability are not always able to compete in foreign markets.
Developing countries
Experts identify about 100 states, which can be referred to the appropriate category.There are a large number of criteria by which a country can be defined as developing.Note that the term may suggest additional reasons for the classification.For example, among the developing countries allocate transition - those in which the economic system for a long time developed on the principles of socialism.These countries include Russia.It is difficult to classify in accordance with the criteria noted China.The fact that China - a communist state - are combined elements of both a market economy and administrative command.
One of the criteria for classifying a developing country can be attributed the same level of per capita GDP.However, not all economists consider it correct.The fact that in some Middle Eastern countries - for example, in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain - GDP per capita is even more than in the most developed European countries.But these countries, however, are classified as developing.Therefore, many experts prefer other criteria to distinguish between the economically developed and developing countries.
Among the common reasons - the level of development of social institutions.This factor, economists believe may predetermine the resistance, in turn, the economic system of the state.That is, for example, ineffective political governance of the country and the poor quality of legislative regulation of the high country's GDP could decline due to the influence of various factors (to counteract that might well have been in the case of building strong social institutions).
Some economists believe that the economic system of the state should let them not be diversified, but still - very desirable - at least based on a few key industries.For example, in the economy of some Middle Eastern countries still plays an important role oil sector that gives rise to the researchers did not include them in the category of developed countries.
Criteria of Russia to developing countries
Based on what criteria to developing countries is the Russian Federation?In this case, we can talk about lack of compliance of our country developed in terms of GDP per capita.Now he is about 24 thousand. Dollars - purchasing power parity.It should be at least 30 thousand. To match the status of a developed country on this criterion.
With regard to social institutions, approaches to assessing their Russian versions vary widely.There are researchers who believe that the state and the legal system of the Russian Federation in need of speedy modernization.Other experts believe that the Russian legislative scheme of economic regulation is optimal for the state - in view of its historical and cultural features.That is a simple copy of the samples the legal systems of developed countries may be ineffective.
From the perspective of the role in the economy of small and medium enterprises of the RF performance objective is also less prominent than those that characterize many developed and developing countries.Perhaps this is due to a long period in the USSR, when private business was forbidden.Over the years, the construction of a free market in Russia is simply not yet formed a large class of entrepreneurs.
RF Regarding access to world markets - the recent political developments suggest that such may be artificially limited to Western nations.As a result, Russia faces the task - to generate new markets.What our government, apparently, and is engaged in concluding new contracts with the BRICS countries, developing together with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and cooperation within the EAEC.
Russia has a number of unique technologies - especially can be observed on the example of the military sphere.Many of the relevant decisions have very few peers in the West - for example, it refers to the 5th generation aircraft.According to this criterion to the category of the Russian Federation in developing countries include, of course, difficult.Russia has made many other examples of high-tech products - such as processors "Elbrus", a number of parameters in no way inferior chips from Intel and AMD.
As for the level of economic diversification, as we noted above, even in many developed countries, this criterion is not met.Therefore, known dependence of Russian oil exports - this is probably not the main factor in the fact that our country is not a development.
However, as noted by many economists, the further growth of the national economy of the Russian Federation at the expense of the sector will not be possible - first, because oil prices are unpredictable, and secondly, to significantly increase its production Russia will be difficult.It is therefore necessary to develop additional industries.
search of new markets relevant to all
Note, however, that the recent market access - a common problem in developed and developing countries.Whatever the potential of a segment, sooner or later it is exhausted.Even the most developed nations have to find new markets.Specific advantage may be those that have developed industrial sector.In industrialized and developing countries with a significant share of production enterprises in the GDP, as a rule, the players are always businesses that can offer the global market a competitive product.Thus, the availability of resources - a criterion that is important for the development of both types of consideration when it comes to addressing such issues as the search for new markets.
Thus, in accordance with common among contemporary economists classification has developed, developing, transition countries.In some cases, the border between them is not easy to find - for example, in the case of countries with a large GDP, but not perfect, according to Western criteria of social institutions.In some cases, the economy developed and developing countries can be generally comparable in terms of availability in the latter some unique technologies.
However, the reality of the modern world economic system is such that the level of economic development in many countries there is a significant difference.In most cases, you can identify the reasons for the backwardness of the state in various economic aspects.Overcoming them will be a key condition for improving the dynamics of economic growth and possible inclusion in an elite category of development.
