The learning process involves the assimilation of the Child specifically defined, depending on the age of the knowledge, skills and abilities.But it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of each participant in the educational process, manifested in the type of temperament, the degree of development of memory, attention and perception.The combination of these characteristics of the child's personality determines its success, defining integrative property, which in pedagogy and psychology called learning disabilities.
Different interpretation of the concept of "learning»
the whole learning - this is one of the main indicators of a person's readiness to spontaneous or purposeful development of knowledge expressed in different susceptibility to the mastery of the new information in the course of educational activities.
For example, in terms of the physiology of this property is inextricably linked with the dynamism of the nervous system, that is, the rate of formation of temporary connections in it (VD Nebylitsin).But higher learning, as a rule, is caused not only psychophysiological preconditions.It is inextricably linked to the level of development of intellectual activity and its productivity.
concept of "learning" has many interpretations, as considered by experts in the field of pedagogy and psychology with various academic positions.In particular, BG Ananiev associates this figure with the mental preparedness to rapid development in the pedagogical process.Zeigarnik believes that learning is a range of potential possibilities of the child to the development of new knowledge in working with adults.IA Winter treats this concept as the readiness of the child's right to receive and interpret the teacher's help.The most precise and complete definition of this term gives H I. Kalmykov.According to her theory, learning - a combination of intellectual property of the individual, a different combination of which determines the level of efficiency of educational activity.These properties include the generalization of mental processes, awareness, independence, flexibility and sustainability thinking, susceptibility to care.
Indicators learning
Learnability school is characterized by such indicators, the pace of progress in the acquisition of knowledge and development of skills, lack of challenges during development (stress, unreasonable fatigue and others.), Flexibility of thinking in the transition to new ways of joint activities,stability of memorization and understanding of the material.
AK Markova more accurately identifies these figures:
- active behavior at orientation in the new environment;
- taking the initiative in the choice and decision of additional optional tasks, the desire to move on to more complex exercises;
- persistence in achieving their goals, and the ability to overcome obstacles encountered and interference;
- positive perception of the help of an adult (parent, teacher), the lack of protest.
Learnability as a condition of mental development
The basis of the concept of "learning" are set Vygotsky levels of mental activity.The first of them - the date, the second - the zone of proximal development.It is this factor determines the difference between the list of activities that the child can perform on their own, and a wider range of opportunities that currently it can realize by using the help of an adult.
Vygotsky rightly argued that the zone of proximal development has a direct impact on the dynamics of mental activity, in contrast to the current level.Teaching process is the most productive and effective when educational goals and develop opportunities affecting the child, who at the moment he can not realize on their own.
Therefore, the development of learning can reveal latent, potential capabilities of children, improve responsiveness to learn new knowledge that allows us to call it basic, a leading indicator of mental activity.
Education
Learnability - is one of the most important diagnostic indicators that determine the success of the educational process.It is considered mainly as a separate category.And if it is necessary, in comparison with the learning.In pedagogical encyclopaedia these fundamental concepts are interpreted as follows.
training - a combination of knowledge and skills, reflecting the expected result of education.Its basic criteria contained in the GEF.
mark expresses Education.And learning is a prerequisite in this case is getting high marks at school.It consists of a system of individual indicators of the pace and quality of learning.This property is inextricably linked with the development of cognitive processes such as perception, thinking, memory, imagination, language, attention.Also proved the relationship between the level of learning and the formation of motivational and volitional and emotional spheres of the individual.
Diagnostics learning in primary school children
main objectives of the study level of learning in primary schools are:
1. Determination of formation of the main indicators of the success of the educational process at school junior level.
2. The study of individual characteristics and dynamics of suggestibility in children.
3. Identification of the nature of learning and mutual suggestibility in the subjects.
characteristic learning math younger students often carried out in accordance with the results of the diagnostic studies on the method developed by Yu Gutka.The essence of it is to perform 10 tasks associated with the construction of a series of numbers on certain principles.Teacher conducting research using the card shows the first three digits of the subject.The child must continue this series by adding three digits of the six proposed by evaluating the principle of construction.Interpretation of the results is carried out taking into account the nature and number of errors.
Identify the level of learning at school middle and senior management
In 1997 PI Tretyakov and IB Sennovskaya developed a method of diagnosis of learning both the level of autonomy in educational activities.
result of the study is determined by the dose of educational support from the teachers.The value of the level of learning is inversely proportional to the dose of relief.That is, the more the child needs the support of the teacher when moving from the current level to the zone of proximal development, the lower the level of learning.
The technique consists in the fact that a teacher for 7-12 minutes (depending on the age of the subjects) sets out new material, using different ways of presenting information.It is necessary that the "visuals", "audialy" and "kinesthetic" were equal starting conditions.Further held initial consolidation of new material (5-7 min.).After that, the students begin to work independently, which is divided into 4 stages.
- written description of the new information.
- answer specific questions regarding the content of the theme.
- The job is first modeled and then to the changed conditions.
- application of knowledge in a new situation associated with the previously studied material, practical activity, other sciences.
levels of learning
• III level of learning - the highest.It is called creative, because it presupposes the ability to independently integrate new information into a set of their own knowledge.This determines the ability to find imaginative solutions to educational problems using a standard set of Zun.
• II level - applied.It is characterized by the presence of the children of the active use of acquired knowledge in a familiar typical situation.
• I level - reproductive.Schoolboy, understand and remember new material, apply it on the algorithm.
In that case, if the subject is not able to show even the minimal list of features, it is determined to a group of academic risk.
learn and operation
The fact that one of the marks of lagging students often includes children with relatively high levels of learning it shows that progress depends on other conditions, in particular health.This property may in one way or another to compensate for the low level of productivity of the mental activity of children.That is, if there is a high level of child health, learning disability characterized by poor, may well succeed.And vice versa.The combination of medium and low learning performance may cause poor performance of the child.
pedagogical characteristics of this property is in the works, DV Kolesov.He saw performance as the ability to make the physical and mental effort required to develop new ways of knowing and modulation of reality.It is measured in the time it takes a person to the qualitative performance of a particular learning task while maintaining optimal body functioning.
Background of learning
learning development is due not only to the individual characteristics of the child, but also the teacher and the student vzaimodeyatelnostyu.That is the dynamics of raising this figure depends on the perception of a schoolboy pedagogical influence on the part of the teacher.
manifestation of learning is only possible in the educational process.Therefore, each step in the transfer of knowledge should be aimed at achieving coherence between different kinds of pedagogical influences, ensuring the expansion of the zone of proximal development.
programs of the organization of the educational process can be considered the best when it provides the highest manifestation of learning.
criteria of learning
Learnability - is equivalent to the expression of the volume and rate of increase of efficiency of intellectual processes under the influence of pedagogical influence.
as criteria for its use of a number of characteristics of mental activity of the child:
1. The presence or absence of the need for the prompt.
2. The amount of time spent on a quest to find a principle similar figures.
3. Types of errors based on the analysis of the sources of their occurrence.
4. The number of required child exercise (by AJ Smith).
The basis of learning are innate abilities of the individual and his cognitive activity.Consequently, the ratio of the child affects the level of the indicator on a particular object and determines its success in specific educational areas.
Quick learner
Each person is inherent in the nature of the ability to assimilate knowledge.However, fast learning can only take place in a favorable educational environment which fosters successful interaction oboyudonapravlennoy transfer activities and obtaining new information.The existence of these conditions is largely determined by the shape and content of communication between a teacher and a child, forming social relationships between them.The manifestation of the latter can be expressed as the understanding or misunderstanding, like or dislike, agree or disagree.
This quantitative expression of this property is the ratio of the maximum possible results for the achieved, that is current.This formula makes it possible to anticipate and predict the prospects for the development of learning of each student individually or in a group of children in general.
Information technology as a means of learning
In modern conditions the most effective way that enhances learning of students is the use of information technology in the educational process.They allow you to create different pedagogical situations, the solution of which involves the expansion of the zone of proximal development, facilitating thus the execution of a large range of pedagogical problems.
ICT applications based on the use of computer programs as a means of modeling various forms of thinking, initiating action as reproductive and ability to make decisions through the formal-logical operations.It's not only a powerful catalyst of the process of mastering new knowledge and skills, but also a tool for development of mental abilities in the modern information environment.But it is important to realize that the computer serves only effective means of learning, when its use is accompanied by a deliberation.
How to develop learning
special role in enhancing learning processes play in the formation of the framework defined, the sensitive stages of development, metacognitive skills.They should be treated the management of mental activity (planning and self-control), speech, ability to understand and use different sign systems.Thus, the high school students learning can be achieved with such an organization of educational process when vzaimodeyatelnost child and the teacher will be aimed at maintaining a constant activity of cognitive processes.
Man, being in a certain age period of development, is the subject of educational activities at each of the stages of the pedagogical process that determines the specificity of educational motivation, relationships and systems vzaimodeyatelnosti.It is these features and determine the aspects of learning of each individual.
