Scientific Complex of Russia is going through a difficult period.Since the era of perestroika, its structure is continuously reorganized abolished, reformed, optimized - according to the current problems in the country and the society and the competence of those leaders who are called to solve these problems.
Russian science and specificity of its development
Modern scientific sphere, as any socially oriented system is full of conflicts and structural contradictions.At the same time a significant impact on the development of the scientific potential of the state to provide economic policy implemented by the Government.According to some analysts, a systemic crisis, beaten out of a rut, many, including the highly developed countries, ricochet hurt Russian scientific complex.But there is reason for optimism - thanks to the powerful internal potential, our country has always overcome periods of crisis, including in progressive directions.
development of science in Russia was carried out in steps, because the country is reflected invasion of "intruders", then quickly recovered after the war and the devastation it experienced internal shocks - revolution of reform.In a special way his work has always been building Russian Academy of Sciences - depending on the country's existing "imbalance" of forces and capabilities that should be eliminated.Looking back, we can see that the problems of the scientific complex in Russia have arisen not today, but we need to solve them - systematically and collectively.
Scientific complex of the country: the structure and function of
Key functions of science - a prediction of progressive trends, the results of the examination and the development of basic and applied research as the main course in the activities of the scientific community.
The Scientific Complex includes all the organizations that in one way or another work for the future, and "for the good of your country."Scientific Complex of Russia is a whole education, consisting of different areas, creating new technologies and producing new knowledge.On the territory of the Central region of the country is concentrated half of all research organizations, working up to 70% of the number of personnel (researchers - people with higher education, candidates and doctors of sciences) and made up 75% of the internal costs of the research.
normal and efficient operation of the research sectors is impossible without a permanent building scientific and technical potential, the progress of which depends on the amount of funding from the budgets of all levels - this indicates a worldwide practice.Problems of science is closely related to the problems of the economy.According to the director of the Institute for Economic Strategies Boris Kuzyk, knowledge economy at the moment is becoming pivotal in the development strategies of the leading states of the world and for our country is the challenge of time.
Scientific potential of modern Russia: the development of new research areas
main challenge facing the "leading minds" - the development of science in Russia, development and rational management of program-oriented planning is a scientific basis for management of the development of all systems in the Scientific Complex Russia.
Due to the long-term scientific and technological forecasts, as well as the results of the comprehensive monitoring of scientific and technological potential of the country (estimated capacity of individual research organizations solve the problem) was developed by a special list of priority directions of scientific and innovative development and a detailed prescribed mechanisms for their implementation.
to the latest research areas include breakthrough technology areas: nanotechnology and biotechnology, information and communication technologies, the production of new materials, as well as the scope of the scientific-industrial complex to synthesize the basic technologies and achievements in the mentioned areas.Due to the development of new technological ways, our country can greatly succeed in the transition to a new level, because radical changes in the world economic and social spheres is planned by 2020-2025.
Scientific and Technical Complex: priorities
Scientific Technical Complex is based on forecasts regarding the long-term development of science and technology for defense, security, and efficient development of industrial technology in Russia.In its activities, the complex provides a rational work planning and sound management of the accumulated scientific-technical and industrial-technological potential of all types of industries.
applied problems of scientific-technical sphere of activity that now - in the difficult period of the formation of a multipolar world - are at the forefront are:
- formation of the concept of military-technical policy, scientific and socio-economic assessment of prospects for global development of modern weapons (in10-25 years);
- analysis of basic and critical military technologies of foreign countries and the formation of a list of tasks to improve the capabilities of its military equipment;
- holding system design weapon systems in order to ensure their balanced development;
- Building projects state armament program and the formation of the state defense order, corresponding to the new economic conditions, for the foreseeable future;
- systematic implementation in the period up to 2020 high-quality re-Armed Forces, other types of troops, military formations and bodies (with reliance on nuclear deterrence and general-purpose forces).
scientific and technological complex problems of its work
Scientific-technological complex based on high technologies and is closely related to the economic sector.Due to the fact that in the XXI century, the demand for knowledge generation, innovation effectiveness and precision research pays off by the economy, the efforts of scientists and engineers, designed to overcome the fragmentation and isolation have created an innovative infrastructure:
- practical implementationPlans of the state policy in the field of scientific and applied (Science, Technology and Innovation) activities;solving the problems of technological modernization of economy;
- achieving faster growth of production of high technology products and highly-processed products;
- development of innovation infrastructure (creation and support for the work of innovation and technology parks, technology parks, technology transfer centers and laboratory facilities);
- creation of integrated dual-purpose structures that are able to adapt to the market needs of both military and civilian products;effective use of previously developed dual-use technologies and the creation of new ones.
traditionally "strong" side of scientific-technological complex of Russia - nuclear and laser technologies;significant progress achieved by our scientists in the development and application of technologies of new materials, propulsion systems.Requires significant investment of forces and means to achieve world-class micro-, nano- and opto-electronic radio, computer technology is largely obsolete and requires replacement of modern industrial equipment.These priority technological developments are supported by stakeholders - mostly, of course, the state (so-called, the federal program - the federal targeted programs).
Scientific Educational Complex: reform and conflict
Currently, the concept of "scientific and educational complex" refers to a set of high school organizations that are engaged in activities in different directions: proper education, research, science, technology and innovation.This may also include online communities partner universities, scientific and educational centers, academic institutions.
scientific and educational complex of the country - is the "source of manpower", now considered as a component of the market economy, "the subject of market relations", manufacturer and supplier of scientific, educational, innovative products, goods and services.The current economic course of the country, respectively, requires a timely response and the preparation of "narrow" specialists "generalists", that is, people who had no "knowledge and skills" but have "competence" and is "a powerful source of innovative ideas,technology projects. "
Unfortunately, the demands made to the education system, as well as the processes caused by incompetent reform process, nothing but regret, not cause.The level of training of specialists (which, however, subsequently did not go to work in the specialty) is very low.Of course, this state was formed not for one year, but was created gradually.Already from school to university entrants come unprepared (but with a higher score on the exam!), And with the "running" option is difficult to "give" something innovative.
What should be done to the scientific and educational cadres countries were well prepared?Education is an essential part of building the foundation of an innovative economy.At the present stage it is necessary to pay due attention to the training really thinking, skilled professionals versed in the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation of civil servants.It must be admitted that the work of "effective management" has no relation to the reality that they should be changed to specialists who know peculiarities in their field, at all levels, and to do it at the state level.It is also necessary to pay attention to the system of continuing education, including postgraduate and professional development, providing relevant educational literature and the organization of access to information at all levels of students.
Scientific Industrial Complex: priorities and prospects
Scientific industrial complex as a collection of economic activities of the national economy is closely related to the activities of individual production systems, divided according to the criteria of industry sector:
- agro-industry;
- defense industry;
- aerospace;
- nuclear, fuel and energy;
- manufactures high-tech chemical and pharmaceutical, microbiological and chemical industries;scientific instrumentation, manufacturing of complex medical devices;
- construction and manufacturing, machine-building complex, and so on. D.
optimal outcome of sustainable development is the integration of complex scientific organizations and industrial enterprises with the capacity of scientific and technological segmentation.This structure allows you to gradually move to change the mechanisms of scientific research and advanced engineering and technical creation, to make them as adapted to the needs of existing industry.Created for this type of cluster research organizations (such as SIC "Kurchatov Institute") and industries (atomic energy cluster) on the criterion of innovation capable of providing the optimum parameters of cycles and processes of modernization of scientific-industrial complex.
spread of modern information and communication technologies will expand the scope of high-tech services to the humanitarian field - health, education, financial sector.
Scientific Research Complex: high matter and bowels of the earth
Research Complex combines organizations that conduct experimental work on acquiring new knowledge and its application and practical use to create a new product - a product or technology.
Typically, such organizations are called "Research Institute", but in the complex also includes the archives, various scientific and information centers, territorial experienced expedition, sectoral departments, sections and services, scientific and industrial associations and laboratories, as well as the observatorybotanical gardens, veterinary stations, some experimental models (such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).
scientific work, testing, testing in these organizations are using special equipment.For example, the research fleet of Russia as a major component of the national security system of the state in the field of research, development and utilization of mineral resources of the oceans uses for its work relevant court, equipped with the necessary equipment and devices.
Reforming the Russian Academy of Sciences
Creation Academy of Sciences - direct evidence of reform activities of Peter I and Catherine I (1725), aimed at strengthening economic and political independence of Russia.Emperor appreciates the potential of scientific thought, the importance of quality education and culture for the prosperity of the state.The Academy was originally created combines the functions of a research and educational institution (university and high school).In the future - for almost three centuries - the scientific work of the Academy served as a case of multiplying the capacity of the country.Suffice it to mention the names of such well-known scientists who worked within its walls, as L. Euler, Lomonosov, SP Pallas, KG Razumovsky.
«failures» in the activity of the RAS began with the end of the XVIII century, when it began to be criticized for excessive passion for theoretical developments, samoizolirovannost, isolation from the urgent problems of the country and as a whole - "useless".In 1870-80-ies.Academy attracted the attention of the public in connection with the refusal to award academic awards of outstanding scientists Mechnikov, IM Sechenov and D. Mendeleyev.Sounded accusations of "anti-Russian" orientation of the scientific activities of this structure.
After the Revolution of the USSR Academy of Sciences focused on engineering and applied research - all the achievements of the national economy were created under her direction.However, in the period from 90th.the last century and is now the Russian Academy of Sciences in a state of permanent crisis.Its structure is expanding and beginning to work, then suddenly abolished.
from 2013 is the time of deep reform and reorganization of the Russian Academy of Sciences.The essence of the reform, according to Dmitry Medvedev, - "allow scientists engaged primarily in science and research, and to save them from non-core functions of asset management and community services."However, the scientific community strongly condemned the mechanisms that government has proposed, because "they are imposed in the form of radical and destructive."Thus, the proposed reorganization, but in reality - an unjustified association of the various structures of the RAS, which eventually will result in the Scientific Complex of Russia as a "self-organizing" system to crash.
In an open letter to Vladimir Putin Academician Zhores Alferov noted those outstanding achievements that have appeared in our country due to the Russian Academy of Sciences: "the creation of the nuclear shield;nuclear energy and nuclear fleet;space exploration and the Northern Sea Route;Siberia and the Far East with the organization where new research centers;radar and semiconductor "revolution" and many others. "Effective reform is necessary, but only with the assistance of leading scientists and a transparent decision-making process within the structure - that's the basic idea of the protest, which originated in July 2013
problem areas in the life of modern Russian science and education
The main objective of the scientific community - to provide full expert supportState of the priority areas.Obvious problems which stand out against the development of modern scientific complex of Russia, began:
- economic failures, insight into management following unfair "effective managers", corruption in established organizations (eg, the fund "Skolkovo");
- destructive mechanisms of reforming science and education, in particular, the proposed reform of the RAS, the prospects for the destruction of the scientific potential of RAS institutes and the country as a whole;
