science that studies the rhythmicity in biology, emerged in the late XVIII century.Its founder is considered to be a German doctor, William Christopher Gufelyand.With its long period of feeding the biological rhythms of the body considered to be dependent solely on external cyclical processes, primarily on the Earth's rotation around the sun and its axis.Today chronobiology popular.According to the dominant theory of it, the causes of jet lag are both outside and inside the concrete body.And repeating over time the changes are not unique to individuals.They permeate all levels of biological systems - from cells to the biosphere.
Rhythm in biology: definition
Thus, the subject property is one of the fundamental characteristics of living matter.Rhythm in biology can be defined as fluctuations in the intensity of the processes and physiological reactions.It is a periodic change of state of the environment of a living system, arising under the influence of external and internal factors.Also referred to as synchronizers.
biorhythms, do not depend on external (acting on the system outside) factors are endogenous.Exogenous, respectively, did not respond to the impact of internal (within the operating system) synchronizers.
reasons
As already noted, in the first stages of the new science of rhythm in biology considered only due to external factors.In place of this theory came to the hypothesis of internal determination.It was assigned to external factors minor role.However, fast enough, researchers have come to realize the high value of both types of synchronizers.Today it is considered that the biological rhythms of life, endogenous in nature, are subject to change under the influence of the external environment.This idea is at the center multiostsillyatornoy model of regulation of such processes.
essence of the theory
According to this concept, endogenous genetically programmed oscillatory processes are influenced by external synchronizers.A huge number of internal rhythmic oscillations of a multicellular organism built in a certain hierarchical order.At the heart of its maintenance are neurohumoral mechanisms.They agree on the phase relationship between different rhythms: one-way processes are in sync, and inconsistent work in opposition.
All this activity is difficult to imagine without some kind of oscillator (coordinator).In this theory there are three interconnected regulatory systems: the pineal gland, the pituitary and adrenal glands.The epiphysis is considered the most ancient.
Presumably organisms, standing on the lower rungs of the evolutionary development, the pineal gland plays a major role.Provide them with melatonin is produced in the dark and the light breaks.In fact, he informs all the cells on the time of day.When complication organization epiphysis begins to play the role of a second, giving the primacy of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.The relationship between the regulation of biological rhythms in both structures has not been fully resolved.In any case, according to the theory, they have an "assistant" - the adrenal glands.
All Forms of biorhythms are divided into two main categories:
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are physiological fluctuations in the individual systems of the body;
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environmental or adaptive necessary to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions.
Also common is the classification proposed by F. Halberg Chronobiology.The basis of the separation of biological rhythms, he took their duration:
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high frequency vibrations - from several seconds to half an hour;
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medium frequency vibrations - from an hour to six days;
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low frequency vibrations - from six days to one year.
Processes of the first type - is breathing, heart rate, electrical activity of the brain and other similar rhythm in biology.Examples of medium frequency oscillation - a change in the metabolic processes during the day, sleep and wakefulness.The third type includes seasonal fluctuations, annual and lunar rhythms.
external to man synchronizers are divided into social and physical.First - this is the daily routine and different standards adopted in the workplace, in the home or the community as a whole.Physical synchronizers presented the change of day and night, the intensity of electromagnetic fields, temperature fluctuations, humidity and so on.
desynchronization
ideal body condition occurs when the internal biorhythms of people working in the environmental conditions.Unfortunately, this is not always the case.The condition occurs when a mismatch internal rhythms and external synchronizers, called desynchronosis.It also exists in two versions.
Internal desynchronosis - mismatch processes directly into the body.A common example - a violation of the rhythms of sleep and wakefulness.External desynchronosis - a misalignment of internal biological rhythms and environmental conditions.Such violations occur, for example, on the way from one time zone to another.
desynchronosis manifested as changes in physiological parameters such as blood pressure.Often it is accompanied by increased irritability, lack of appetite, fatigue.According chronobiology, as mentioned above, any disease - the result of a mismatch of various oscillatory processes.
Daily biological rhythms
Understanding the logic of fluctuations of physiological processes optimally build activities.In this sense, particularly high value biological rhythms lasting about a day.They are used to determine the effective work and rest, and for medical diagnosis, treatment, and even the choice of dose.
In the human body day - period fluctuations in a huge number of processes.Some of them are changed substantially, the other - the minimum.It is important that the indicators and those, and others do not go beyond the norm, that is, do not become an alarming health.
Temperature fluctuations
Thermoregulation - a pledge of constant internal environment, which means that the correct functioning of the organism to all mammals, including humans.The change in temperature takes place during the day, with the fluctuation range is quite small.Minimum performance characteristic for a period of up to five o'clock in the morning, the maximum recorded about six o'clock in the evening.The oscillation amplitude is thus often less than one degree.
cardiovascular and endocrine systems
Job main "engine" of the human body is also subject to fluctuations.There are two time points at which decreases the activity of the cardiovascular system: one o'clock and nine o'clock.
his peculiar rhythms and all of the blood.The peak activity of the bone marrow accounted for early in the morning, and in the spleen - at eight o'clock.
hormone secretion is also not constant throughout the day.The concentration of adrenaline in the blood rises early in the morning and reaches its peak by nine o'clock.This feature explains the vigor and activity, which are often characterized by the people in the morning.
midwife known for interesting statistics: labors in most cases begins at midnight.It is also associated with the peculiarities of the endocrine system.By this time, activated the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces hormones related.
morning - the meat in the evening - milk
For adherents of proper nutrition will be curious facts connected with the digestive system.The first half of the day - a time when increases peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract, increases the production of bile.Liver glycogen is consumed actively morning and gives the water.Because of these laws of chronobiology deduce simple rules: heavy and fatty foods are best eaten in the morning and in the afternoon and evening, perfect dairy products and vegetables.
operability
no secret that the human biorhythms affect its activity throughout the day.Fluctuations in different people have features, but can be identified and the general laws.Three "bird" chronotype linking biological rhythms and performance is perhaps known to all.This "bird", "owl" and "pigeon."The first two - extreme options."Larks" full of strength and energy in the morning, easy to get up and go to bed early.
«Owls" as their prototype, are nocturnal.The active period for which starts at about six in the evening.Early rise to them is very difficult to move."Pigeons" able to work both day and night.As they are called chronobiology aritmikami.
Knowing your type of man can more efficiently manage their activities.However, it is believed that any "Owl" may become a "lark" in the desire and perseverance, and the division into three types due, rather, habits, rather than laid down features.
constant change
biorhythms of human and other organisms are not rigid, forever fixed signs.During ontogeny and phylogeny, ie, individual development and evolution, they change certain laws.What is responsible for these changes, yet fully clear.There are two main versions of this bill.According to one of them, led by the changes inherent mechanism at the cellular level - it can be called biological clock.
Another hypothesis major role in this process removes geophysical factors that are yet to be explored.Proponents of this theory explain the differences biorhythms of individuals by their position on the evolutionary ladder.The higher level of the organization, the more intense metabolism.The nature of performance does not change, but increases the amplitude of the vibrations.The very same rhythm in biology and its synchronization with the geophysical processes they see as the result of natural selection, leading to the transformation of external (eg day and night) in the interior (between activity and sleep) fluctuation rate.
effect of age
chronobiology was found that during ontogenesis, depending on the stage traversed by the body, changing circadian rhythms.Each period of postnatal development meet their oscillations internal systems.Moreover, changes in biological rhythms is subject to certain laws, described by Russian specialist GDGubin.It is convenient to consider the example of a mammal.They have these changes relate primarily to the amplitudes of circadian rhythms.From the first stages of individual development, they grow and reach their maximum in young and middle age.Then, the amplitude begins to decrease.
It's not only a change of pace associated with age.Also changing the sequence acrophase (acrophase - a point of time when there is the maximum value), and the value range of the age norm (hronodezma).Given all these changes, it becomes apparent that it is in adulthood biorhythms perfectly aligned and the human body is able to withstand a variety of outside influences, while maintaining their health.With time the situation is changed.As a result of the mismatch of different rhythms total health gradually ends.
chronobiology suggest using these patterns to predict disease.On the basis of the knowledge about the features of the circadian rhythms of human vibrations lifetime is theoretically possible construction of a graph reflecting the stock of health, its highs and lows over time.Such testing - in the future, according to most scholars.However, there are theories that allow to build something similar to this plan now.
Three rhythm
priotkroem slightly the veil of secrecy and tell you about how to identify their biorhythms.Calculation of them is based on the theory of the psychologist Hermann Swoboda, a doctor and engineer Wilhelm Fiss Alfred Teltscher, they have created at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries.The essence of the concept is that there are three rhythms: physical, emotional and intellectual.They occur at birth and throughout their lives do not change their frequency:
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physical - 23 days;
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emotional - 28 days;
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intelligent - 33 days.
If you plot a graph of their changes over time, it will change to a sine wave.For all three parameters of the waves on the x-axis corresponds to the rise of the indicators beneath it is a zone of recession physical, emotional and mental abilities.Biorhythms, the calculation of which can be done on a similar schedule at the point of intersection with the axis signals the beginning of a period of uncertainty, when drops sharply resistance to environmental influences.
Determination of
Calculation of biological rhythms on the basis of this theory can be done independently.To do this, calculate how much you have lived: age multiplied by the number of days in a year (do not forget that in a leap of 366).The resulting figure is divided by the frequency of the jet lag, the schedule you are building (23, 28 or 33).Get some integer and remainder.The whole part again multiply the length of the particular jet lag?f subtract the value obtained from the number of past days.Balance is the number of days of the period at the moment.
If the value does not exceed one-fourth of the duration of the cycle, - it being lifted.Depending on the jet lag, it implies alertness and physical activity, a good mood and emotional stability, creative inspiration and intellectual growth.The value equal to half the length of the period represents a time of uncertainty.Hit in the last third of the length of any biorhythm means finding a downturn in the zone.At this time, the person can get tired quickly, increasing the risk of disease, when it comes to the physical cycle.Emotionally, there is a decrease until the mood of depression, deterioration of the ability to contain strong internal impulses.At the level of intelligence during the recession is characterized by difficulty in making decisions, some inhibition of thought.
Drinking theory
In the scientific world, the concept of the three biorhythms in this format, as a rule, is criticized.There are no reasonable grounds to believe that something in the human body can be so constant.This is indicated by all the observed regularities that govern the rhythm of biology, characteristics of internal processes inherent to different levels of living systems.Therefore, the described method of calculating and the whole theory often suggested as an interesting option in many ways, but not a serious concept, on which is to plan their activities.
biological rhythms of sleep and wakefulness, thus not only present in the body.Fluctuations affects all system components of our body, not only at the level of major groups, like the heart or lungs.Rhythmic processes laid in the cells, and therefore characteristic of living matter as a whole.The science that studies these fluctuations is quite young, but seeks to explain many of the laws that exist in human life and in all of nature.Already accumulated data suggest that the potential of chronobiology is actually very high.Perhaps in the near future will be guided by its principles and doctors by assigning dose of medication in accordance with the characteristics of a particular phase of the biological rhythm.
