said that truth can only be found in the forbidden books.Not without reason and religious and secular authorities throughout its history tried to protect the common man from the "corrupting" influence of education.
At first people were not allowed to learn to read and write, and when the process is irreversible, came the ban on the book.
first censorship for the list of unacceptable Apocrypha (texts not included in the Bible), compiled in 494 AD.e.when the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) Gelasius I.
Nearly a thousand years later, in 1557, when Pope Paul IV, was released "Index of Forbidden Books» («Index liborum prohibitorum») for the inquisitorial tribunals.It is noteworthy that this list was repealed only in 1966.
However, the tradition prohibits "objectionable books" concerned is not one of representatives of the Vatican City.Why are only the memories of Nazi Germany.Sigmund Freud, whose work is significant Nazis burned, then said, "In the Middle Ages would have burned me, but now they are met by burning my books."Until now, for the storage of many books in a number of countries around the world can get into disfavor.However, in the Internet era, all these bans can hardly be called effective.So the manuscript does not burn.
Here are 10 literary works banned in different countries at different times.However, this does not prevent them to take their place among the masterpieces of world classics.
«Decameron," Boccaccio Giovanni
Collection Boccaccio, consisting of one hundred short stories, was one of the most famous books of the early Italian Renaissance.Almost the entire book, written in the years 1352-1354, is devoted to love in a completely different its manifestations."Decameron" by Boccaccio is often called "The Human Comedy", by analogy with the "Divine Comedy" by Dante.At first, the book is not found active support from readers, but with the invention of printing "Decameron" has become one of the most published works in Europe.The Church strongly condemns the "Decameron", talking about the immorality of the book.In 1559, the book even included in the Index of forbidden books.And distribute it in a heavily edited form.Today the "Decameron" can be found in any library - in fact, on it make films and write canvases.
«Emperor" Niccolo Machiavelli
Treatise Florentine writer Niccolo Machiavelli, telling about the properties and skills necessary to the ideal ruler, was published only five years after the author's death in 1532.Artwork Machiavelli was directed against backroom intrigue, strife and political chaos in Italy, of the XV century: the author advocated a strong state that is able to unite the hopelessly divided Italy, and the expulsion of foreign rulers.But in 1559 all the works of Machiavelli hit the "Index of prohibited books" of Pope Paul IV, in the category of "an absolute prohibition."Composed of the Holy Inquisition in Rome on the orders of Pope Paul IV «Index» forbade Catholics to read the works, including "The Emperor", and even have their copies.
«Red and Black" Stendhal (Henri Beyle Marie)
Literary critics still argue why Stendhal chose for his novel name.However, no one doubts that it is Stendhal was one of the founders of the French realist novel of the XIX century.But In 1864, the Vatican put "Red and Black" and all the "romance" of Stendhal in the "Index of prohibited books";the ban was confirmed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII.The novels were in the list until the last edition of "Index", which was released in 1948 and which took effect until 1966.In Russia, the book was banned in 1850 by Nicholas I, whose motto in the campaign for the suppression of liberal thought was: "Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationality."In 1939, during a similar campaign in Spain, the novel was withdrawn from libraries dictatorship of Francisco Franco.
«Doctor Zhivago" Pasternak
Roman one of the greatest writers of the past century, Boris Pasternak went to print in 1957 in Milan.At home Pasternak, in the Soviet Union, the book met with abhorrence.Soviet writers have criticized the writer for quite negative attitude to the October Revolution of 1917 and the further development of the country.The book is not passed to the press, against Pasternak started baiting.Publication of the book in Milan (Pasternak across the border through its own channels) further spurred critics writer.Meanwhile, in 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording "for the significant achievements in contemporary lyrical poetry, as well as the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel."But a ban on the publication of "Doctor Zhivago" was not able to stop the spread of the novel in samizdat copies.For the first time officially "Doctor Zhivago" was published only in 1988.
«Ulysses," James Joyce
most famous Irishman James Joyce's novel was created 7 years and published in the American Journal of parts «The Little Review» from 1918 to 1920.In 1920, the New York Society for the Elimination of vice has filed a lawsuit accusing publishers distributing pornography, and in 1921, "Ulysses" was banned.However, the trial was his advertising campaign.In 1933, the publishing house Random House was able to lift the ban and ensure the publication of the first novel in the United States.In the process, "the United States against a book entitled" Ulysses "," the judge dismissed the charges of obscenity, saying that despite "extraordinary revelation" of the novel, he "did not find anywhere else in the novel is nothing exciting lust."However, by that time already existed in the country a lot of it pirated.On his homeland novel was first published only in 1939.
«All Quiet on the Western Front" by Erich Maria Remarque
Remarque's novel has become one of the most famous anti-war works of the last century.Describing the events of World War I on behalf of the ordinary soldier, Remarque wrote about the representatives of the "lost generation", whose fates crippled war.The publishers believed that 10 years after the war, a book on a topic of interest will not cause, but it was she who became the most famous work of the writer.But in 1933, Remarque's books were banned in Germany, because it does not idealize the role of the German military in the First World.According to legend, the Nazis burned books Remarque with the words: "No - hacks, loyal heroes of World War II.Long live the education of youth in the spirit of genuine historicism! ".
«1984», George Orwell
Orwell's novel was published in 1949 and considered one of the most famous works in the genre of dystopian.Most often, the novel was accused of immorality and blasphemy.In addition, critics spoke of inappropriate sexual text.In the Soviet Union, the book was banned until 1988.Critics noted that the device of a totalitarian society described by Orwell in "1984", is borrowed from the Soviet Union during Stalin's dictatorship and Hitler's Germany.For a description of the totalitarian regime in Orwell's novel became both a victim of censorship in the socialist countries, and the object of criticism from left-wing circles in the West.But in 2009, newspaper The Times has included the novel "1984" in the list of 60 best books published in the last 60 years, Newsweek magazine put the novel into second place in the list of the hundred best books of all time.
«Anarchist Cookbook" by William Powell
This semi-legendary book - a manual for the production of narcotic substances, weapons, poisons and explosives from scrap materials.There are pages devoted to a Molotov cocktail, recipe of LSD in the kitchen and drawings of technological equipment for the production of tear gas.Book at the end of 1960 the Americans William Powell wrote to protest the US war in Vietnam.Because of the potential danger of the book permanently withdrawn from circulation secret services of different countries.It is believed that by the early 1990s, the book was only one part of the original text - about drugs.Today cookbook (in emasculated form) can be purchased in the United States, but in many countries it is still prohibited.
«The Satanic Verses," Salman Rushdie
fourth novel by the British writer of Indian origin Salman Rushdie's "Satanic Verses" was published in 1988.Written in the genre of magical realism, the novel tells of immigrants and expatriates, inability to assimilate into a new culture, the inevitable return to the roots.Just a few days after the publication of the novel, India prohibits the import of books, less than a month later, the grand sheikh of Al-Azhar in Egypt refers to an Islamic organization in the UK with a request for the start of the trial on the prohibition of the distribution of the novel.In February next year the Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa (decision), calling on Muslims to execute anyone who was involved in the publication of the novel, as well as the killing of Rushdie.During the demonstrations against the writer killed several dozen people.The book is still banned for blasphemy in Egypt, India, Iran, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
«Zaire", Paulo Coelho
In February 2011, the Iranian authorities have banned without explanation in the country to publish the works of the Brazilian Paulo Coelho.In his blog, the writer said that the Iranian publisher, Arash Hezafi offered Coelho distribute his books over the Internet.So Iran has become the only country in which Coelho books will be available only through the Internet.Meanwhile, over the past 12 years, Iran has sold nearly six million copies of works by Coelho.However, in 2005, Iran banned the book Coelho "Zaire."Employees of the Iranian secret services on one of the book fairs even confiscated unsold copies of the novel.Then the reason for this decision of the authorities, too, remained unknown.
Photo source: ruslania.com kmrz.ru
Articles Source: obozrevatel.com
