In any modern country has quite a large variety of chemicals.The unpredictability of accidents on them, the rapid spread of contaminated air require urgent measures to ensure public safety.
protection from hazardous substances
Maintenance of chemical protection of the population is reduced to protect the use of the following methods:
- use of respirators, gas masks, protective suits.
- Protective structures.
- temporary shelters.
- Evacuation of the population from the danger zone.
All these methods can be used alone, but can be combined with others.
To accidents on chemically hazardous objects are not caught off guard, you must take the necessary measures in advance.These include:
- Bringing into operation a system of warning the population.
- control to ensure that personal protective equipment was ready and kept in some areas.
- Preparation shelters.
- evacuate certain areas.
- develop the most effective measures for the protection of the population in certain cases.
- Conducting training authorities and forces, which are designed to eliminate the consequences of the accident.
Only carefully-planned action in the event of an accident can ensure the safety of people.
Features Chemical Protection of
Chemical protection - is a set of measures that are designed to eliminate or at least weaken the harmful effects of poisonous substances (emergency chemically hazardous substances) on the population and the working staff of the enterprise.Most of all activities must be carried out well in advance, as well as a matter of urgency in the process of eliminating the consequences of the accident.
Events in chemical protection of the population, which can be attributed to the principal, as follows:
- Confirmation of the accident and warning of its population.
- clarify the situation in the disaster area.
- Compliance with all rules and regulations of chemical safety in the contaminated area.
- Providing the public and the employees of all means of protection.
- If necessary, it is necessary to evacuate people from the area of possible contamination.
- shelter population in the shelters, which are able to protect against hazardous chemicals.
- emergency use of antidotes and means for treating the skin.
If there is a disaster, in order to implement concrete measures it turns out the situation in the zone of the accident investigation is conducted for the presence of hazardous substances.Also studied the nature and volume of output, the direction in which the wind carries toxic substances as a vast territory covered by the consequences of the accident.
All employees the company issued a mandatory personal protective equipment.Liquidators must wear chemical protection suit and gas mask.
dangerous objects
Such kind of companies are those over which the storage, processing and use of hazardous substances.Accidents on chemically hazardous objects can lead to infection or death of people from exposure to toxic substances.
These businesses include the following:
- Chemical and oil refineries.
- petrochemical industry.
- Sewage treatment and water facilities that use chlorine.
- Refrigeration plants if they use ammonia.
- warehouse where toxic chemicals are stored.
- Vehicles carrying dangerous chemical cargoes.
- Waste disposal of chemical waste.
All hazardous enterprises can be divided into several categories according to the degree of danger:
- 1st - in the case of an accident in the affected area gets more than 70 thousand people.
- 2nd - from 40 to 70 thousand.
- 3rd - less than 40 thousand.
- 4th - risk of an accident does not extend beyond the boundaries of the enterprise.
In our country of such dangerous objects are more than 3 thousand.With so much knowledge of the properties of HOV, a preliminary assessment of the possible effects, the ability to quickly and correctly to take urgent measures to eliminate accidents are the main condition for ensuring chemical protection of the population was made at the highest level.
Chemical accident
such an emergency is commonly referred to violations of technological processes at the enterprises, damage to pipelines, storage facilities and storage tanks, vehicles carrying hazardous materials.All this may lead to the release of chemicals into the atmosphere, leading to contamination of people and the biosphere.
If the situation has led to human casualties, severe destruction of objects, a lot of damage to the natural environment, it is already possible to say not just an accident, and this industrial catastrophe.
Any disaster at a chemical plant is most often accompanied by explosions and fires.As a result, these processes are converted into non-toxic substances dangerous and harmful to human health.
causes of the accident at a chemical facility
Among the main reasons for the fault which accidents occur, are the following:
- Depreciation of production equipment or inadequate and poor quality repairs and maintenance.
- during production or processing of broken processes.
- Improper use of the equipment.
- Storage of Hazardous Substances carried in violation of rules and regulations.
- not operate security systems in the enterprise.
- errors that were made during the construction and design objects.
- Violation of discipline in the workplace.
- Exceeded norm storage of dangerous substances.
- disasters.
- terrorist act.
If we analyze the causes of the accident, it can be said that the critical human factor plays.Often our negligence leads to dangerous consequences.
Regardless of the type of failure to provide the chemical protection of the population should be carried out efficiently and in a timely manner.A failure can be classified as:
- Private.Consequences include only one plant or installation.
- of on-site accident.It covers only one company and beyond it does not come out.
- Local.The consequences affect the entire city or region.
- Regional - covers several regions.
- Global accident captures not only the regions of the same country, but can go out and beyond.
Effects of
When an accidental release of hazardous substances, formed a cloud of primary infection, which consists of droplets and aerosols can settle on the ground and infect it.
If damaged containers for storage or transport, the hazardous substances are scattered, are beginning to evaporate and form a cloud of secondary infection.
These clouds have different properties.For example, primary cloud spreads further acts only at the moment of its passage, but contains a high concentration of hazardous substances.Secondary cloud, though a small amount of HOV, but its effect is carried out until it is fully happen evaporation or destruction.
During any chemical accident has as the main manifestation, and more.Basic - a release of hazardous substances, and additional already include fires, explosions, which may be accompanied by the accident.
during emergencies of this kind shall be required radiation and chemical protection of the population, because the main factor is the infection affecting the lower layers of the atmosphere, soil, water, leading to the defeat of humans and other living beings.Scale it depends on the size of the contamination zone.
best seen three such areas:
- fatal.
- Toksodozy, incapacitating.
- toksodozy threshold.
affecting Additional factors include:
- Shockwave.
- radiation.
- splinter.
- action of toxic substances that are produced in large amounts by burning HOV.
Consequences
No chemical accidents dangerous enterprise not pass without a trace.Therefore, it is important the state system of public safety.The consequences that come after emergencies can be divided into two categories: direct (they appear once) and long-term.
immediate consequences - is:
- defeat human and animal deaths.
- severe poisoning.
- wounds, burns.
- Psychiatric disorders that appear after exposure to chemicals.
- Acute poisoning by combustion products.
- material damage, which results in partial or complete destruction of objects.
- environmental pollution that threatens an environmental catastrophe.
consequences can be so severe that they are not even saving remedies, such as protective suit L-1.If you put it on after the accident, that valuable time can be lost, and the person will still receive a portion of toxic substances.
Classification of the chemical
chemical contamination can occur by various substances, they all have one common quality - it is toxic to the human body.The degree of this quality in different materials varies.Depending on the release of the 4th class of chemical risks:
- extremely dangerous.
- acutely.
- Moderately hazardous.
- Low hazard.
affects Any substance can have on the human body non-uniform action.However, as the main feature that is used, which leads to acute poisoning and shock.
By the nature of the impact of chemically dangerous substances can be divided into:
- asphyxiant.They include chlorine, phosgene.
- Obscheyadovitye.Of common intoxication.These include carbon monoxide.
- simultaneously suffocating and obscheyadovitoe effect is, for example, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide.
- suffocating and neurotropic action, such as providing ammonia.
- metabolic poisons, such as ethylene oxide.
- substances that violate the metabolic processes in the body.
Such substances usually always found in abundance in the chemical industry.For example, workers at the plant for the production of nitric acid should be required to wear a protective suit L-1.Personal protective equipment in the form of gloves, gowns, respirators, gas masks and even in the workplace.
Specific chemical exposure
protection of the population in the chemical contamination - is the primary task of leadership.The importance and urgency of these measures is explained by the fact that in addition to general toxicity of poisonous substances can cause the following risks:
- embryotropic.It has a negative impact on the formation of the internal organs of the fetus, which is fraught with the appearance of birth defects and developmental abnormalities.It is because of this factor, a pregnant woman as soon as possible should be transferred to other, more secure work.This is a situation where even chemical protection suit does not help.
- carcinogens.Chemical substances can enhance the activity of cancer cells, which leads to the development of cancer.It all depends on the time of operation in hazardous work, the degree of exposure to chemicals.HOV danger of these is that their effects may occur after several years.
- genotoxic.Provoke gene mutations, increasing the risk of cancer.If mutations occur in germ cells, it leads to the birth of children with abnormalities in development or deformities.
- immunopathogenicity effect.Reflected in reduced human immunity.Often accompanied by respiratory diseases.
- reproductive risk is associated with reproductive disorders.
- Metabolic disorders.It crashes in metabolic processes in the body.
- allergens.Many chemicals begin their negative impact to the manifestations of allergic reactions.This may be exacerbation of asthma or dermatitis.
As can be seen from this list, toxic substances can have quite serious and unpredictable effects, so the protection of the population in chemical accidents should be carried out efficiently and quickly.
behavior of the population before the accident, during and after
If people living near chemical facilities, they should be aware of what the enterprise is dangerous, and what steps need to be taken during emergencies.Maintenance of chemical protection of the population shall include in its list and prevention, outreach.
People need to know how to protect themselves from possible infection.In advance should be prepared personal protective equipment.They should be stored in an accessible location to be able to use them at the first alarm.
During the accident occurs alert the population through long siren or whistle.People should be informed beforehand what these signals.
The staff can do their work in personal protective equipment.If the process can be stopped, the workers down in the defenses.
of the population can make the following recommendations regarding the behavior after receiving a signal about the accident happened:
- If TV or radio headquarters of the Civil Defense informs about the events, you must perform all of its recommendations.
- Wear protective equipment.
- take refuge in the nearest defenses.
- If given the command not to go out, try a good seal windows and doors.You can additionally hang their blankets.
- If advised to leave their homes and go down to the shelter, you should turn off all electrical appliances, turn off gas, take all their documents, the necessary things.Do not go out without first putting on a gas mask, respirator or even a cotton-gauze bandage.
If you find yourself in immediate cloud of chemicals, it is necessary to take a shower, and all infected throw things.Try not to drink water from natural sources, fruits and vegetables straight from the garden.
The first suspected poisoning should drink plenty of fluids and seek emergency medical attention.
any accident at a chemical plant is easier to prevent than to spend huge amounts of money to eliminate its consequences.Each hazardous facility must be designed measures to reduce by several times the probability of an accident.At such enterprises should be carried out strict control of all the process of adhering to the rules and regulations of storage, processing and transportation of hazardous substances.
