SPARES need for education both in Russia and abroad, was dictated by the rapid increase in the imminent military threats, development and constant improvement of all kinds of weapons.
For example, in wartime and post-war time by the local defense (modern Russian Emergency Situations Ministry) were not only saved many citizens at the time of artillery and air strikes against the enemy eliminated blockages, measures were taken to the primary livelihood of the population, defused unexploded shells and bombs, clearedconstruction and buildings, and restored water and sewerage, power lines and communications, command posts, and more.
Legislative aspect with regards to the protection of the country's population and its territories from emergency situations
the first time in our country, according to the Decree of the Russian Federation № 261 from 04.18.1992, the "On the establishment of the Russian early warning system and emergency response", was formed by the correspondinga system designed to prevent all kinds of emergencies and in wartime and in peacetime, their liquidation in the event, as well as to ensure the full safety of the population, the full protection of the environment and reduce the damage of the economy.
Later organizational and legal norms of the Russian Federation, which is governed by the protection of the population in emergency situations, as well as air, water and land space, the environment and social facilities, for production purposes, have been regulated by the Federal Law "On protection of population and territories from emergency situations of naturaland man-made "number 68-FZ of 21. 12. 1994
subsequent execution of the law resulted in the adoption of the RF Government Decree № 1113 of 05.11.1995," On a unified state system of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations ", inwhich approves the regulations in relation to emergency management.They determine what the problem solves SPARES, principles of construction of the unified system, the composition of assets and forces the order of interaction of the main structural elements.In general, the Regulation governs how a single system operates.
Key terms in SPARES
Emergency - a certain situation in a particular area that has developed due to accidents, dangerous events of natural origin, natural or other disasters, the consequence of which was (will be) the damage to human health or the environment, human sacrifices, various violations with regards to the conditions of admissibility of human activity, significant material losses.
Disaster Prevention - an extensive set of pre-existing activities aimed at minimizing the risk of their occurrence, the preservation of human health, reducing the damage to the natural environment, considerable material losses.
disaster relief - types of emergency operations rescue nature, which take place in case of emergency.They are focused on the preservation of human health, saving lives, reducing material losses and the extent of the damage to the natural environment, as well as localized areas (zones) of emergencies.
disaster area - space where the emergency unfolded, and which in this context is under constant control.
Goals and Objectives SPARES
first presented three areas:
- preventing the emergence and subsequent development of emergency;
- reducing the damage caused by them;
- a set of measures aimed at the elimination of emergency situations.
main tasks SPARES:
1. The development and proper execution of the economic and legal norms related to ensuring full protection of the country's population and its territories against emergency situations.
2. Implementation of scientific, technical and target programs that prevent emergencies, strengthening the functioning of institutions, enterprises and organizations (without reference to their organizational and legal forms), they are subordinated to social facilities, for production purposes in emergencies.
3. Forecasting and analysis of the socio-economic aspect of the consequences of emergencies.
4. Ensure full implementation of the readiness of certain emergency authorities, and by the means intended for their operational warning and subsequent liquidation of the consequences thereof.
5. International co-operation with regards to the protection of the country's population and its territories against emergency situations.
6. Implementation of such complex operations as the collection, operational processing, exchange and subsequent delivery of information about how to implement the protection of the population in emergency situations.
7. Preparation of citizens to certain actions within the framework of an emergency.
8. Create the necessary reserves of various resources that will provide emergency response.
9. Conducting state supervision, control and expertise on the protection of the country's population and its territories against emergency situations.
10. The liquidation of emergency situations.
11. Carrying out a set of measures (humanitarian action) with regards to the social protection of citizens affected by the disaster.
12. Implementation of civil rights and obligations within the framework of the protection of the country and its territories from the effects caused by emergencies.
Problems solved SPARES, are a priority in all areas.From their careful consideration and timely execution depend many lives, as well as the territory of which the damage may be irreversible.
SPARES Goals and objectives must be constantly adjusted in accordance with the existing man-made and man-made situation in the country.Emergency Warning - the main direction of services.
SPARES: structure, objectives and functions
Its structure is territorial and functional subsystems, expressed in five levels: the object, local, territorial, regional and federal.
territorial subsystem formed within the territory of the RF subjects for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations follow.They consist of certain units that correspond to the administrative division of these territories.
Regarding the functional subsystems, they form the federal authorities in their assigned sectors to organize activities for the protection of the country's population and its territories against emergency situations.
Each level of the system has the following bodies (division SPARES):
- coordination;
- daily management;
- Directorate for Civil Defense and Emergencies;
also each include: the tools and the power reserves of various resources, alert systems, communication and information systems.
Safety in emergencies
To begin to define this concept.
Safety in emergencies - is to create sufficient security for all citizens, economic entities, natural environment from all kinds of dangers in emergencies.It is of several varieties.
Types security emergencies
It happens:
- fire;
- radiation;
- environment;
- seismic;
- industry;
- biological;
- chemical.
Safety in emergencies can also be classified on the projects:
- population;
- environment;
- economic targets.
Achieving this kind of safety is carried out by means of prevention, to prevent or minimize the negative effects of disasters.
History of the Russian Emergencies Ministry
It is closely linked with the history of the Civil Defense (04.10.2010 - 78 years).The period of its formation is considered to 10.4.1932, when the Council of People's Commissars adopted a "Regulation on the air defense of the Soviet Union", which was first identified by means of specific activities and with regards to the immediate protection of all citizens of the country and its territories.This is the initial stage of development of the state system in this field (the birthday of the Local defense).In 1961 it was decided to convert the MoEHE in GO.
SPARES (functions and tasks which we consider) - a result of the revision of the old views on the protection of the country's population and its territories from all sorts of enemies (including the potential use of weapons of mass destruction).
December 27, 1990 was marked by the adoption of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation № 606 "On Education of the Russian Rescue Corps on the Rights of the State Committee of the Russian Federation."This date - the day when it was formed by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia (later - Day rescuer RF).
January 10, 1994 EMERCOM Russia transformed into a modern Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, the minister was appointed Sergei Shoigu.
A December 9, 1992 former Supreme central courses Civil Defence Academy were transformed into the current civil protection EMERCOM of Russia (unitary institution that has no analogues in the world).
So, we can say that formed the current challenges and structure SPARES originate from the time of the MoEHE.
means and forces
SPARES SPARES main tasks that were previously listed, include a clause with regards to ensuring full readiness to carry out a series of actions in an emergency government, money and effort, intended for their operational warning and subsequent liquidation of the consequences thereof.
are two types of the above means and forces:
1. Surveillance and Control:
- supervisory authorities (in relation to the state of boilers, nuclear power, electricity and gas networks, bridges and so on. D.);
- Control and Inspection Service (Ministry of Environment);
- institutions and service agencies that monitor the health of potentially dangerous objects, the natural environment;
- veterinary service;
- network monitoring and laboratory control (SNLK);
- laboratory monitoring of food quality, food raw materials;
- office disaster warning.
2. emergency response:
- Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Defense (their units, units and formations);
- non-military formations of civil defense;
- means and forces belonging to other departments and ministries, public authorities (in the territory of the Russian Federation).
Profiling activities of the system
continue to consider SPARES.The structure, objectives and functions it is an essential element of the nat.Russian Security.
main directions of its activity are the:
1. Develop proposals with regards to public policy in the protection of the country's population and its territories from emergency situations, their timely implementation.This function is performed jointly with the governments forces and means of the country (previously, this problem was solved by them in isolation).
2. Management of working moments of the system.The governing body acts the Russian Emergencies Ministry, coordinates the work of state bodies and local self-government within the framework of the problem.In order to increase the effectiveness of such activities, the Government of the Russian Federation has created a collegial management body - the Interdepartmental Commission on emergency prevention and response, which deals with cross-cutting regulation in this area.Its decisions are binding on the federal executive bodies, the subjects of the Russian Federation.The structural elements SPARES This function is implemented by the management of Civil Defense and Emergency Commissions.
3. Control is designed to ensure proper compliance with the relevant legal acts, separate rules, regulations and standards in the field of protection against emergency federal executive bodies, its bodies of the RF subjects, institutions, local governments.At the federal level, this function is performed by the Emergency Situations Ministry.
4. Production activity, which is to carry out preventive measures to prevent emergency situations, reducing their size, minimizing damage and loss of their consequences and emergency rescue works focus on the elimination of the consequences of this kind.
5. All sorts of activities are considered to provide a single system (logistical, financial, etc.).Provisions are needed to eliminate the effects of emergency material resources include food raw materials, food, engineering, clothing and medical property, means of communication and transport, medicines, fuel, building materials, personal chemical and radiological protection, and so on. N.
6. The international cooperation.It is expressed openness to Russian SPARES targeted integration in the world's emerging system of prevention and liquidation of emergency followed.Cooperation is implemented through contracts and other international instruments, the development of a joint legal framework with regards to issues of mutual or collective interest, as well as the activities of specialized international institutions and organizations.
EMERCOM of Russia: challenges and activities
SPARES main tasks entrusted to this ministry can be grouped into two areas:
- Development proposals for public policies within the Defense, as well as prevention and elimination of emergency situations follow.
- Supervising and ensuring the proper functioning of the system (RSE) in emergencies not only in wartime but also in peacetime.
will not be superfluous to emphasize once again that the main tasks and structure SPARES clearly defined in the previously mentioned federal law with regards to the protection of citizens of the Russian Federation and its territories against emergency situations.
Principles of creation of the system, taking into account the current situation in the country
First, it is, of course, need to comply with a comprehensive approach in the process of forming a system (accounting of anthropogenic and natural origin disaster, their stages of development and the effects of measures to combat them, and the required number ofmembers).
Secondly, recognition, so to speak, "a non-zero risk" (the fact that we can not exclude the risk of a disaster within all kinds of potential threats).
Thirdly, basing on the fundamental principle of prevention (warning) with respect to safety (the maximum possible reduction in the likelihood of disaster and systematic preventive measures).
modes considered a single system
Depending on the current situation there are three modes:
1. Continuing activities (provided that all the governments and the existing force SPARES functioning at a normal pace):
- study of the current state of the naturalenvironment and comprehensive disaster prediction;
- planning, organization and maintenance of the complex action of forces and emergency management authorities in the event of an emergency;
- collection, processing and subsequent exchange of information with regards to the protection of the country's population and its territories from emergency situations, ensuring complete fire safety;
- propagation of knowledge with regards to the protection of the country's population and its territory in the event of emergencies;
- organization forming, loading, storage, timely replenish existing reserves required for the elimination of the consequences caused by disasters.
2. Improved preparedness (the current threat of a disaster):
- gain control over the change of the natural environment, forecasting the onset and the extent of damage from the disaster;
- continuous process of collecting, processing and transmitting the forces of RSE and controls information about the predicted disaster, informing citizens about the ways and methods of protection in these cases;
