Russia - a multinational state, the regions whose territories are represented, unique in terms of culture, nature, and in many ways - in terms of respect and peaceful coexistence of different peoples.Among those - Altai Republic.What are the most notable stages in the history of the region?What is the basis of its economy?What are the characteristics of cultural development of the Altai today?
Consider for the beginning of the structure of state power.Is it different in principle from the models that operate in other Russian regions?
Altai Republic: power system
Government of the Altai Republic - with a narrow interpretation of the term - one of the bodies that form the system of the state apparatus of the subject of the federation.Under the Constitution, considered a political entity, the wording of which are generally similar to the corresponding provisions of the basic law of the Russian Federation, key institutions of government are functioning in the framework of the separation of legislative, executive and judicial branches.
If interpreted analyzed the term not as authority, and in a broader sense, that is. E. As a system of political control, it is probably worth noting that the Government of the Altai Republic is organized in compliance with the principle of delegating certain powers from the level of the subjectmunicipal federation.Just as in most other regions of Russia.
highest official in the political structure of the regional administration - Head of the Altai Republic.He is elected by direct vote of the population.At the same time head of the government (as the executive authority).It consists of various ministries of the Republic of Altai.The highest legislative body of the subject of the Federation - the State Assembly.In the language of the indigenous people of the Republic of Altai, it sounds like El Kurultai.The government is accountable to the State Assembly.The Supreme Court of the Republic of Altai - the highest court in the third branch of government.
administrative and political structure of the Republic of
administrative and political structure of the region form 10 districts, each of which is divided into municipalities, as well as the capital of the Altai Republic.This system is quite similar to the organization of power with management models implemented in other national republics of the Russian Federation.The capital of the subject - the city of Gorno-Altaisk.
Each of the municipalities that form the administrative and political structure of the Republic, has its own Charter, which compulsorily registered by the Government.Defense Minister shall be elected by direct vote.Charters most MoD include provisions for which the head of the Defense Ministry and head of the executive body and the relevant territorial unit.However, the variant in which the key political figures of the municipality may be the head of the legislative and representative structure.For example, in the area of Shebalinsky person occupying the position of head of the Defense Ministry, is also the Chairman of the Board of Deputies.Head of Ust-Koksinsky district, in turn, leads not only to the appropriate representative body, but also the administration of the Municipality.A similar model operates in the area of Chemal.
Thus, the structure of the political power of the subject of the federation as a whole is similar to the model adopted in other Russian regions.Therefore, studying its main points go to the study of national and cultural characteristics of the Republic, who, in turn, is in many ways unique.
National composition
Among the most multinational regions of Russia - Altai Republic.Language indigenous linguists refer to the Turkic group.He, along with the Russian - one of the two official in the Federation.In the Republic of Altai people - about 31% of the population.The majority, about 60% are Russian.A considerable percentage of the Kazakh ethnic group - about 6%.In addition, the land is home to a large number of ethnic Ukrainians and Germans.
Altaians - the indigenous people of the Republic of
history of the Altai Republic is interesting primarily from the perspective of the indigenous ethnic group.Consider the basic steps ethnogeny Altai, as well as their social and cultural communication with other nations.In fact, the Altai - is the collective name of several tribes speaking Turkic languages.The largest nationality - is Teleuts, Tubalars, Urynkhay, Shor, Telengits and ethnic group called the same as the title of the Republic - Altai, but different from others related to it.There are hundreds of sub-ethnic groups, called Seok.Belonging to them is determined, as a rule, human ancestry.Altai communicate in different dialects.The language of the indigenous ethnic group of the Republic belongs to the Kyrgyz-kypchayskoy subgroup of Turkic dialects.
Origin Altai
Ethnogenesis Altai varies depending on the region.Northern nationalities inhabiting the Republic, appeared in the course of contacts Samoyed tribes, Ugric, Turkic, and Ket origin.The descendants of these ethnic groups are considered Tubalars.In turn, the south was going interaction between the Turkic and Mongol tribes.So there were, for example, and Telengits Teleuts.Due to the fact that the Altai peoples of north and south have a different origin and due to the lack of major transport routes mutual way actively in contact for a long time between them remained significant differences in language, cultural and social aspects.In Soviet times, there was a marked consolidation of the ethnic group.
However, as noted by some researchers, many Altai primarily identify themselves not only as citizens of the region and the titular nation, but as belonging to a particular ethnic group, race or seok.Second, according to ethnographers, most important criterion - language, as well as family and religious traditions, the outlook of ancestors.Also, the researchers note, for Altai important geographical factor, t. E. The place of residence of a particular characteristic of his social environment.
Modern indigenous cultures
particularly active processes, reflecting the growth of a single national identity Altai different genetic origin, began to occur in the 80-ies of the last century.Actually, this trend, according to some researchers, largely predetermined ads fact in 1991 the authorities of the subject of state sovereignty within the borders, which corresponds to the modern Republic of Altai Mountains.He received the official status of the language of the indigenous ethnic group.There were legislated national holidays, such as Independence Day, celebrated on July 3 or Folk Festival El Oiyn.In the process, reflecting the growth of national consciousness Altai, it was restored one of the key historical social institutions people - Council clan elders, or zaisans.Now their role in the social development of the Republic is rated as extremely important, complementing the formal structures of government.
Not least in the development of the Altai ethnic group occupy the migration processes.In different historical periods of the indigenous peoples of the region were moving between the mountains and the plain.If the years of Soviet development, according to some researchers, indigenous people gravitate towards resettlement in the mountains, but now ethnic group begins to perceive themselves as part of civil society, living in the cities located in the plains.A key role in this regard plays a capital of the Republic - largely because of the crisis period after the 90 here were more or less significant from an economic point of view, the infrastructure resources.
Altaians and Russian
history of the Altai Republic is also interesting in terms of interaction between indigenous and Russian peoples.Both ethnic groups coexist in a common area, traditionally supporting peace in the relationship.The cultural life of saturated as the activities of the national character, and Russian festivals.Some of the festivals of different peoples are characterized by close cultural proximity.For example, a national holiday Dyylgayak very similar to the Russian Shrovetide.
As the researchers note, active cooperation with the Russian Altai peoples began in the 17th century.At the same time until the middle of the 18th century a large part of the territory of the modern Republic was part of the Jungar khanate, to which the Russian Empire's relationship was not very friendly.This circumstance was, as historians believe, a significant barrier to further contacts with Russian indigenous ethnic groups of the region.However, Altai lived in not the most favorable socio-political conditions.They were surrounded by mostly hostile Chinese and Mongolian tribes.As a result, the Altai Zaisan - while their status in the national community was close to being possessed by the Russian princes - asked the king for citizenship.Since May 2, 1756, the Altai territory became part of the Russian Empire.Since the late 18th century, the region's indigenous ethnic groups have become especially to interact with Russian compatriots.The inhabitants of the European part of the Empire, to move to new territories, attracted, according to the researchers, the prospects of development of arable land.However, settlers came to Altai ministers of the Russian Orthodox Church, engaged in missionary work.
One example of unity of Russian and indigenous people of the region can be considered as the national anthem of the Republic of Altai.It is unique in that it is presented in two versions - the national language and in Russian.However, the second verse it is written only in the Altai.The official anthem of the Republic of Altai was adopted relatively recently, in 2001.This patriotic song as researchers believe, largely demonstrates the importance and influence of the centuries-old friendship between the two peoples in their joint peaceful and amicable coexistence, as well as prospects for further development of the Altai Republic in the socio-political and cultural terms.
Capital
What is interesting capital of the Altai Republic?Consider the basic facts.Gorno-Altaisk is located in the northwest of the Republic, on the territory of the municipality Maiminsky area.The city's population - more than 61 thousand. Man.The official history of the Gorno-Altaisk, according to some researchers, conducted since the beginning of the 19th century.At the time, the future site of the capital city was a small settlement founded by one of the indigenous ethnic groups of the region, Teleuts.However, archaeologists have confirmed information that the district of Gorno-Altaisk people lived in ancient times.
actively explore the future capital of the Altai Republic was the 20-ies of the 19th century.In particular, in 1824 here began to move settlers from Biisk.They have founded a village whose name is on one of the indigenous languages sounds like Ulala.It became part of Biysk county Tomsk province.Rural development, according to historians, was mainly due to the activities of the Altai Spiritual Mission.In posleduschego decades Ulala merchants began to move, then the town became an important trading center Bijskogo County.
In 1917 there was a revolution, and the Soviets came to power.It was decided to form in the area where the village was located Ulala, Biisk and several others located in the region, human settlements, as well as oyrotskih Autonomous Region.In 1922, Ulala became its administrative center, and in 1928 town was granted city status.In 1932 it was renamed Oirot Tour.In 1948 oyrotskih autonomous region, it was decided to rename the Gorno-Altaisk.The name change and the capital.Since it is called Gorno-Altaisk.
Gorno-Altaisk: economy
consider as the capital of the Altai Republic is organized in economic terms.In the Soviet period, Gorno-Altaisk became a powerful industrial center.It housed a variety of enterprise industries - construction, machine-building, metallurgy, food, printing.Operated furniture and textile factories.However, after the collapse of the USSR the bulk of the production is closed.One of the few remaining who are now playing a key role in the economy of the city and to a large extent influence the development of the Altai Republic - concrete products plant.
now focus in investing in the economic system of the city is placed on the tourism industry.Culture of the Altai Republic has a long history, in fact, it connects multiple civilizations.It makes the region an attractive destination in the field of ethno-tourism.There is an active development of the appropriate infrastructure needed for the organization of recreational services.Build hotels, restaurants, recreation centers open.
Tourism
One of the key sites of the city - the tract Elanda located not far from Gorno-Altaisk.It created a large recreation area.There are plans to build a ski resort, the infrastructure for equestrian sports, various winter sports.Initiatives related to the transformation of the region into a tourist center, are already yielding results.There is evidence, for example, that since 2010 has been a steady increase in the tourist flow.Some experts believe that in a difficult economic environment in which it resides is Russia, the Republic of Altai is quite able to start attracting tourists who are accustomed to expensive winter resort other Russian regions and foreign countries.
Altai - unique place, and in terms of geography and in terms of centuries of development and mutual penetration of religions, cultures and national traditions.Many people who have visited here, celebrate the special relationship of indigenous people with nature - and this sense of harmony with the world around Altaians somehow manages to convey to others, with their neighboring ethnic groups, including visitors.The Republic of Altai Mountains, in spite of a significant degree of industrialization in the Soviet period, has huge areas that can not be mastered by man.There, in a clean environment, a resident of the modern Russian metropolis can to forget about pressing issues, a break from the bustling city and bustle.Come to the Mountain Altai!
