These days everyone is trying to become a successful and respected person.To do this, you need to meet certain requirements by others.How do you manage to individuals to establish a commanding lead?Concept of leadership are very diverse and deserve a separate discussion.On them will be discussed in this article.
concept of leadership Leadership is the ability to exert a certain influence on each person individually, and on a diverse group of individuals, guiding the common efforts of people to achieve a common goal.On the socio-psychological point of view it is a very natural process, based on the impact of the authoritative individual behavior of other members of the group.Influenced thus be understood as human actions that make a difference in the feelings, attitudes, and actions of another person.There are several ways to implement leadership.Leadership concept suggest that the effect may be manifest through ideas, persuasion, suggestion, written and spoken word, compulsion, personal authority, emotional contagion, personal example and so on.
Who is a leader
existence as part of a particular group suggests someone's leadership.Concept of leadership based on a variety of theories.What qualities necessary for the person to lead the group?The leader - a person able to bring people together and send them to achieve some goal.Moreover, the concept of "leader" and "purpose" are inseparable from each other.However, to set a specific task and systematically implement it alone does not mean to be a leader.An essential quality of every leader is the presence of followers.The main role of any leader is the ability to get people to go after them, arrange the necessary interaction subordinates in a single system, which would contribute to the solution of specific problems in the framework of the established goals.In other words, the leader is an element which regulates the behavior of other people.A true leader can only be a person who is a carrier features acclaimed and anticipated in this particular group.Therefore, "transplanting" the leader of one association to another, as well as the appointment of its top - receiving inappropriate and ineffective.
Forms Leadership
concept of leadership suggest that people in the community come together for three main reasons.As a rule, they are guided by the desire to get emotional support and learn the necessary information and establish business relationship.Thus, the leadership of the organization is made up of three components: emotional, informational and business.The man who is capable of at the right time to call people to order and remind them of the common goal - a "hand of the group."Such a person can be called a business leader.With it worked perfectly, he knows how to organize things and to establish the necessary business contacts and relationships.A person with great erudition and able to convey the right information to others - a "group mind."It can be called the information a leader.A person who can be contacted for sympathy and "complain to the vest" - is "the heart of the group."Such a man is the emotional leader.Apart from the above three species occur a fourth most preferred embodiment.This is - a universal leader.Such a person combines all three components, but this kind of leadership is extremely rare.
The variety of concepts in the study of the primacy of some people over others, there are three main areas: traditional, situational and new.Historically, the earliest are the traditional concepts of leadership.According to them to organize the crowd can only be an exceptional person, endowed with unique qualities.Notable supporters of this theory - Edwin Gizella, Warren Bennis and Valf Stogdill.
basic concepts of leadership in the modern world were based on traditional.One of them - the situational theory.She offered Frank Fiedler, who believed that a person can detect the ability of the leadership only when the relevant circumstances.Common to the situational and the traditional approach to the study of the problem is the result of management activity in them depends on the personal qualities of the leader.
later created new concepts of leadership.These include the theory of the attributive (analyst), a charismatic and converts (reformist) leadership.All of them witty and quite have the right to exist, but do not reflect fully the phenomenon studied.The question still is unresolved.Basic Concepts of leadership will be set forth below.
Traditional theories
As mentioned above, they are based on external traits and personal qualities of leaders, but have been denied.Here are some of them:
- The concept of physical qualities was recognized bankrupt one of the first.After all, the leader is not always characterized by high growth, high weight and indefatigable physical strength.On the contrary, his appearance can be very mediocre.
- The concept of intelligence is based on verbal and evaluative qualities.It is assumed that the presence of these qualities provide managerial success.However, not everyone is educated, well-mannered and helpful person can lead people.
behaviorist approach
traditional concept of leadership is not limited to the two above-mentioned theories.The concept also features leader applies to them.It is based on the fact that every leader should possess a certain set of psychological traits.He should possess self-confidence, flexibility and sharp mind, strong will, competence, organizational skills, knowledge of human nature.American sociologist E. Bogadusom listed the qualities that a leader should possess: the energy, the mind, the leader, the ability to anticipate, a sense of humor, tact, strong character.In "Manual of Leadership" American P. Stogdill notes that the structure of personality traits, led the group should be related to the activities, objectives and characteristics of his subordinates.However, the study of real groups has shown that they can lead a person who does not have the above qualities.A person is theoretically capable leadership, sometimes takes a very modest place in the organization.
situational approach
Concept of situational leadership have emerged on the basis of the traditional approach to the problem.They suggest that the group can only lead the kind of person who is able to direct people to resolve a particular situation.He must have the appropriate skills, characteristics, quality, knowledge, experience.In order to solve the various problems may require a different personality, so the leadership in the community can pass from one person to another.Business leaders can change the information and emotional - of the business and so on.E. Hartley has revealed some regularities characteristic of situational leadership:
- If a man led a group in the same situation, then it automatically raises the chances to become a leader in another.
- If a person has shown his leadership qualities and the rest earned credibility, then it may later become a leader and to consolidate its leading positions.
- Perception groups based on stereotypes.If a person has become a leader in one situation, then she will perceive it as such in another.
- To become a leader, you need to have this inner desire.
Political Theory
Over time, there are new theories of leadership.One of them pushed the founders of Marxism.They suggested that this phenomenon can be explained in terms of class conflict.In their understanding of the political leader - a skilled, consistent and conscious voice for a particular class, which plays in relation to the group, in a sense official, a supporting role.Marxist theorists have tried to prove that history is made by people, but their motives are based on the economic component of the life of society.Thus, the concept of political leadership assumed a dominant role of the individual in close connection with the activities of social groups.In different historical periods to the leader may have different requirements.
Freud's theory
Modern concepts of leadership are under a different, sometimes very complex psychological basis.For example, Sigmund Freud proposed his unique theory of "personal and psychological qualities."The analyst says that some people aspire to leadership because they are trying to compensate arising in adolescence or childhood inferiority complex.Thus their prevailing position over other such person can demonstrate unethical ways, which are the result of neuroses, manic paranoia and other mental deviations.
mysterious charisma
One of the most interesting theories is the concept of charismatic leadership.It is based on the fact that some individuals are endowed with more than talent to manage other people.From the Greek word "charisma" is translated as mercy, divine gift.Thus, the exceptional quality of sight again, the ability to subjugate people automatically elevate such an outstanding person over the other.The concept of charismatic leadership implies that the leader of the group is the most vivid embodiment of the values of the community that he puts personal interests above.The relationship with such a leader is based on boundless admiration and trust him.Activities of the group united charismatic leader, depends on the personality of the leader.Without it, the organization becomes virtually dysfunctional.
Attributable leadership
This concept comes from the fact that the leader must be able to analyze the behavior of subordinates and predict their response to a particular situation.During its activity the head is constantly looking for an answer to a question about the reasons for the behavior of employees.In its search, it is based on three components:
- personality.
- very labor activity.
- circumstances and organizational environment.
Thus, the leader aims to determine the causes of the poor performance of employees and the right to respond to the situation.In this model, leadership is a constant interaction between the chief and ordinary workers.The effectiveness of measures taken to improve the performance leader, determined by the reaction subordinate to them.
transformative approach
leader reformer seeks to motivate followers by raising their awareness.It improves the educational level of employees, creates an atmosphere of trust in the team, to help people learn how to combine personal interests with the public.This model of leadership involves subordinates in the administration group.They do not blindly obey the boss, and tend to adequately assess his behavior.The concept of transformative leadership is based on creativity: the leader consistently gaining the respect and trust of followers, remaining the first among equals.
Scientists have different answers to the question about what is leadership.Leadership concept reveal this phenomenon from various points of view.Examine the basic directions in this regard will be interesting and useful to everyone.
