Winter wheat - a valuable food crops.Irrigation creates excellent conditions for its proper growth and normal development, increases its hardiness, which provides good vitality of plants.
Winter wheat: the possibility of higher yields
applying intensive technology in the UK grow an average of 69.56 t / ha of wheat, while in the Netherlands - 81.2 c / ha.Many farms that are familiar to an intensive technology of cultivation of winter wheat, receive on irrigated lands stable yields of 60 or even 70 quintals per hectare.The greatest harvest reached 92.4 quintals per hectare.
Under favorable agro-climatic conditions, it is possible to obtain a relatively high yield.Winter wheat thrives on irrigated lands - gives the harvest up to a hundred tons per hectare.This culture is grown in irrigated crop rotations as silage or green feed on, and the liberated area after it is used after cutting under grain crops, vegetables and forage plants.
Biological features of winter wheat
Wheat grass belongs to the family, the winter it provides seedlings, bushes and autumn passes quenching.After overwintering plants development continues.Starts of the growing differentiation.Its strong growth is dependent on the strength of the leaves and roots of the water content of tissues.Full water saturation of cells necessary to maintain their turgor, stretching, increase the number of embryos for future ears.This is a very important period for the plant life.The critical period in the life of winter wheat lasts from booting up of lactic ripeness.
Early irrigation before laying the germ of grains increases the number of spikelets and watering flowers in the beginning of the formation increases the number of flower development.During the period of flowering and fertilization, when amplified breathing plants and expenditure of organic matter, plants are particularly susceptible to overheating and hot winds.Optimum run air temperature during this period is 14-19 ° C at 35 ° C the plants is greatly reduced photosynthesis yield is reduced to 20, and at 40 ° C - 50%.Also negatively affects low humidity and dry winds.Growing winter wheat on a background of high temperatures and humidity this requires close attention.
fertilizing winter wheat
Winter wheat is a relatively long period of vegetation, it allows her to more fully use the nutrients from the soil.However, the need for batteries, it has different, depending on the period of plant development.Therefore fertilizing winter wheat in the spring is suitable.
Nitrogen is needed during the growing season, but most intensively it is absorbed by plants in phases when they go out into the tube and ears.Fertilizing winter wheat is important in early spring, at this time due to the low temperatures and possible waterlogged soil nitrification processes can be suppressed, and the water washes nitrate nitrogen in the deeper layers of the soil, plants may experience nitrogen starvation even for well-endowed their soils.This explains the high performance results when fertilizing winter wheat in the spring correctly carried out.
During germination and early development of wheat appears high demand for phosphorus nutrition, it stimulates the normal development of the root system.With good moisture availability in the autumn roots can penetrate to a depth of 1 meter, which helps hardiness of winter wheat.Phosphorus increases the degree of differentiation and a large number of grains per ear.The lack of it at the beginning of growth can not be compensated by any provision of this power plant fertilizer at a later date.
Lack of easily digestible potassium in the soil in the period from the beginning of vegetation to flowering wheat results in a significant lag in the growth of plants and to lag behind the development of the plant - they are more sensitive to fluctuations in temperature and soil moisture.Adequate provision of plant phosphorus and potassium in the fall increases hardiness of winter wheat, and an adequate supply of nitrogen increases the content of protein in the grain.The excess of the latter, as well as excessive soil moisture causes plants to lodging.
winter wheat varieties
The regions breeders always an individual approach.Winter wheat varieties grown under irrigation should be noted the high response to fertilizer, additional soil moisture, as well as resistance to lodging and fungal diseases.
better for wheat are brown and black earth soil in its medium textured, well-aeration.That is winter wheat, demanding to soils.Unsuitable for it - salted, compaction and wetlands.Modern varieties of winter wheat, used depending on the region, the following:
- Tarasovskaya bristlecone - cultivated in Voronezh and Rostov regions.
- Rosinka Tarasovskaya - high yielding variety.
- Prestige - for areas with late frosts (the Volga region, the North Caucasus republics).
- Severodonetsk anniversary (grown in Kuban in Krasnodar Krai, Rostov land, in the republics of the North Caucasus).
- Spring Tarasovskiy - are grown in the south.
- August - drought-resistant varieties.
- Governor Don.
- Don 105.
- Kamyshanka 3 - cultivated in the Lower Volga region.
- Nemchinovskaya-57 and 24.
- Moscow-39 and 56.
- Galina.
last grade in the list displayed for Black Earth, their grain has high baking quality.
fertilizer winter wheat
With the right application of fertilizers in irrigated agriculture harvest increases from 40 to 70%.Fertilizers for winter wheat dramatically increase the yield and quality of grain.In the experiments of the Institute of agriculture on irrigated land crop of winter wheat rose from 28.3 to 51.9 quintals per hectare.
yield increase from the optimal rate of nitrogen fertilizers in the south was 10-10,6 from phosphate - 1.2-1.6, and their joint action - 12,1-16,9 c / ga.To have wheatWinter responds differently to individual batteries.At the conclusion of scientists, potash fertilizer should be applied only when the soil of less than 300 mg / kg mobile potassium.
fertilizer application rate is calculated by the balance method, based on the level of the planned harvest, the presence in the soil of nutrients and their digestibility coefficient plants.Infestation of winter wheat significantly reduces the efficiency of fertilizer use, reducing the harvest reaches 12-15%.
important reserve for increasing the efficiency of different fertilizers under winter wheat is very uniform spacing of the field.This condition must be approached carefully.Nitrogen fertilizers for winter wheat should be used selectively, taking into account local soil and climatic conditions, as well as the biology of cultivated varieties, the value of planned productivity.
When grown on medium and heavy soils with a very deep bedding of ground water and low nitrogen content in the soil to make better fertilizer fragmented - two-thirds of the basic rules under treatment, and the rest - in the spring top dressing at the end of tillering.
On light soils, and heavy, with a rather shallow groundwater possible loss of nitrogenous fertilizer, so 30% of the annual rate to be applied at sowing cultivation, the rest - in the spring feeding.In areas where the reserves of nitrogen in the soil increased, making nitrogen fertilizer in the fall impractical because it would lead to the escalation of the plant, thickening of crops.In such cases, 40% of the annual rate of nitrogen applied in early spring, and 60% - later.
Scientists in Germany, Belgium, Great Britain and Austria believe that for 80-95 t / ha of winter wheat undesirable nitrogen fertilizers contribute to the pre-sowing period, so all the recommended rate of nitrogen fertilization to distribute to 3-4, and the use of fertilizers should be combined with the introduction offungicides.
To improve the quality of grain winter wheat feed urea at heading stage.In Germany, under the winter wheat make liquid manure at the rate of 20-30 cubic meters per hectare, apply it before sowing or during the growing season.Scientists in France and the United States argue that the harvest for more than 80 t / ha necessarily require the use of irrigation water with liquid fertilizers foliar application to the culture of a complex type, which consist of macro- and microelements (Zn, Mg, Fe, V).This fertilizing winter wheat crop quality improves and ensures its growth by 2-6 tons per hectare.
Sowing wheat
Cross sowing method on each hectare saves 50-60 kg of seeds, increased grain yield, compared with the closed drills sowing reaches seven quintals per hectare.Therefore, winter wheat seeded cross, closed drills, tape and Broadcast ways.The most common conventional technique - with aisles of 15 cm, in compliance with the tramline.
When the farm is carried out semi-dwarf winter wheat varieties, sowing recommended three-line tape, which provides an increase in yield compared with line sowing.It has worked well and bunk seeding, which is carried out with a mixture of seeds of dwarf and conventional varieties.Through lines and improve the structure of sowing 10-15% phytoclimate improved, resulting in a more complete, cost-effective and productive use of water reserves, reducing the negative effects of high temperatures, while growing at 8-24% wheat resistance against, for example, root rot.
winter wheat crop is heavily dependent on the timing of sowing.Every day lost life reduces grain yield by 20-60 kg.Planting of winter wheat should be carried out on time.Especially sharply reduces crop sowing in October, most react to it korotkostebelchatye varieties that require an earlier deadline.Smaller seeds should be sown shallow, and large - deeper.A shallow incorporation into the soil seed carried out by pneumatic drills or combined units, promotes quite a significant increase in yield of crop.
Standards seeding basically depends on the variety, quantity of seed, sowing and growing region.Seeding rate should be differentiated also depending on the degree of contamination of the field.
Care of crops
Care of crops includes packing of holding dressings, spring harrowing, fighting lodging, as well as weeds, pests and various diseases.In areas with sufficient snow cover should be snow retention, which improves winter plants and increases moisture reserves in the soil.Spring care for crops begins with fertilization and harrowing shoots.In the fields that are ready for the growing watering, harrowing should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the irrigation network.If there should be irrigated strips only along the sowing harrow;in the furrows of the best results are obtained by harrowing rotary hoe.
When the presence of weeds in crops should be carried out processing winter wheat herbicides.Prior to plant crops are sprayed into the tube.In the same period, the crops must be treated against mildew or rust brown.Diseases treated wheat systemic drugs is "Bayletonomil" and "fundazol."
If the crops have chinch, aphid, trip, piyavitsy, the means used "metaphase" or "phosphamide" 40%.The maintenance operations must be combined crops of wheat and hold them for two or three times, which saves money, time and effort.The treatment is preferably carried out crops under irrigation, combining application of these agents with irrigation water.
Reduced winter wheat crop depends on the intensity and duration of crop lodging and can reach 25-50% of irrigation conditions, labor and funds for the harvest grow three times, and the quality of the crop is significantly reduced.Application tour irrigated lands necessarily optimal rate of the drug is three kg / ha aiThe treatment is carried out during the end of tillering.On varieties are prone to lodging, makes a great rate, and in others - less.Processing round korotkostebelchatyh winter wheat is impractical.
Irrigation Irrigation - the main factor of high yield of winter wheat in all regions of its cultivation.The increase in grain yield irrigation - is the technology of cultivation of winter wheat, the efficiency of the irrigation culture increases with its joint action with the fertilizer.
When winter wheat is necessary to ensure optimal soil moisture for germination amicable and normal development of plants of autumn.This is achieved presowing or conventional irrigation.Their significance varies in different areas of agriculture.In areas where rainfall is often in the fall and a deep soaking the soil until spring, the intensity of irrigation is reduced.In areas with a dry autumn and inadequate soil moisture autumn rains watering is critical to high yields of winter wheat.
In setting irrigation rates should take into account the depth of salt horizons and groundwater levels.Irrigation water should not reach the salt-bearing horizon, as dissolved salts may rise from the current and pickle capillary layer of soil where the roots.Watering is not effective at close groundwater level.Excessive irrigation rates can cause waterlogging.Watering is effective in groundwater depth of 3 m or more.At a depth of one and a half meters of soil watering replace irrigation before planting.The need for watering after germination occurs in a dry autumn and on land with a deep water table.Timing of irrigation should be determined by the time of sowing of winter wheat, water security management, irrigation techniques and eventually harvesting crops.
Harvesting
optimum harvesting time of winter wheat - the so-called wax ripeness of the grain of wheat.This step occurs when the content of beans has a high dry matter.Senikatsiya (spraying to harvest) crops contributes to a better maturation of culture, increased winter wheat, so we must try to conduct cleaning in a short time and with the minimum possible loss.
Operational harvesting will reduce his losses and keep the high quality of the resulting grains.It should be remembered that the detention of a winter wheat harvest by more than ten days leading to the indispensable reduction of grain yield of seven tons per hectare, and the content with the grain protein is reduced by half percent.
ecological approach
winter wheat cultivation means, like any agricultural production, a number of factors:
- natural resources - direct solar energy, atmospheric heat, the water in the form of rainfall, soil;
- direct energy costs for the production of products for a specific technology or for the enterprise;
- indirect costs of energy, which are used in technologies of cultivation of plants in the field of collection, processing and storage of products.
In the world there is a tendency of generating capacity overruns.For the growth of 1% of GDP in the village of increased energy use by 2-3%.Tillage traditional methods is the most expensive.This technology over the past few years has led to a decrease in humus and soil degradation.Global trends in the development of winter wheat, changes in cultivation technologies point the way to economical farming.
More than 124 million hectares of land in the world translated into sparing technology.One of the measures to improve energy efficiency and energy efficiency improvement is the new innovation economy - ecological and economic models of efficient production with a concentration of modern energy saving technologies.These technologies include: mulching crops, direct seeding, irrigation efficiency.The development of winter wheat provides for the introduction of these technologies.
use of waste, which can be obtained in agriculture, it is through the implementation of projects on the use of renewable energy around the world.In particular, when growing wheat per ton of grain yield 2 tons of straw.
