Schelling's philosophy, which developed at the same time criticized the idea of his predecessor, Fichte, it is a complete system consisting of three parts - theoretical, practical and study theology and the arts.The first one thinker examines the problem of how to bring the object from the subject.In the second - the relation between freedom and necessity, of conscious and unconscious activity.And finally, in the third - he considers art as a weapon and the completion of any philosophical system.Therefore, we consider here the main points of his theory and periods of development and folding of the main ideas.The philosophy of Fichte and Schelling was of great importance for the folding of Romanticism, the German national spirit, and later played a major role in the emergence of existentialism.
Home path
future brilliant representative of classical thought Germany was born in 1774 in a family pastor.He graduated from the University of Jena.The French Revolution is very pleased of the future philosopher, because he saw in it the movement of social progress and human liberation.But, of course, interest in modern politics is not the main thing in life, which led Schelling.The philosophy which has become a passion.His interested in contradiction in the theory of knowledge of contemporary science, namely the differences in the theories of Kant, the emphasis on subjectivity, and Newton, which has seen a major scientific study of the object name.Schelling begins to search for the unity of the world.This commitment permeates all created their philosophies.
first period
Development and folding system Schelling can be divided into several stages.The first one is devoted to natural philosophy.World, which dominated the German thinker during this period, set out in his book "The ideas of the philosophy of nature."There, he summed up the discovery of contemporary natural history.In the same work he criticized Fichte.Nature is not a material for the realization of such a phenomenon as "I".It is an independent, not self-conscious entity, and developed according to the principle of teleology.That is, it carries within itself the germ of the "I" that "grows" out of it, like an ear of corn.During this period, Schelling became include some dialectical principles.Between opposites ("polars"), there are some steps, but the differences between them can be smoothed.As an example cited Schelling plants and animals, that can be attributed to one and to the other group.Every movement comes from contradictions, but at the same time, it is the development of the world Soul.
philosophy of transcendental idealism
study of nature has pushed Schelling even more radical ideas.He wrote a work entitled "System of transcendental idealism," which returns to rethink the idea of Fichte, and the nature of the "I".Which of these phenomena should be considered the primary?Assuming natural philosophy, it seems such a nature.If you stand on the position of subjectivity, it should be considered the primary "I".Here Schelling is particularly specific.After all, in fact, that is nature?We do call our environment.That is, the "I" creates itself, feelings, ideas, thinking.The whole world, separate from himself."I" creates art and science.Therefore, logical thinking is lower.It - a product of the mind, but also in nature, we see traces of sound.The main thing we have - it is the will.It makes evolve and mind and nature.Higher activity in the "I" is the principle of intellectual intuition.
overcoming the contradiction between subject and object
But all the above items are not satisfied with the thinker, and he continued to develop his ideas.The next stage of his scientific creativity characterizes the work "The presentation of my philosophy."It has been said that paralellizm existing in the theory of knowledge (the "subject-object"), was the one opposes Schelling.The philosophy of art seemed to him a role model.A current theory of knowledge did not correspond to him.As things stand in reality?The purpose of art is not ideal, but the identity of subject and object.So it must be in philosophy.On this basis he builds his own idea of unity.
Schelling philosophy of identity
What are the problems of modern thinking?The fact that we are dealing primarily with the philosophy of the subject.Its coordinate system, as pointed out by Aristotle, "A = A".But in the philosophy of the subject it is quite different.And here it may be equal to B, and vice versa.Everything depends on what components.To combine all of these systems, you need to find the point where everything is the same.Thus the starting point of the philosophy of Schelling sees the Absolute Mind.It is an identity of spirit and nature.It represents a certain point of indifference (in it all the same polarity).Philosophy should be a kind of "Organon" - instrument of the Absolute Mind.The latter is a Nothing that has potency to turn into something, and pouring and worked, is divided into the universe.Therefore, logical nature has a soul, and in general, is a petrified mindset.
the last period of his life Schelling began to explore the phenomenon of absolute nothingness.It is, in his opinion, was originally a unity of spirit and nature.This new philosophy of Schelling can be briefly described as follows.Nothing should be in the beginning of the two - God and the abyss.Schelling calls it taken from Eckhart term Ungrunt.Abyss has an irrational mind, and it leads to the act of "loss", the division began the implementation of the universe.Then nature, developing and releasing its potency, creates mind.It is the culmination of philosophical thinking and the arts.And they can help the person to come back to God.
philosophy revelation
This is another problem that has put Schelling.German philosophy, however, like any dominant system of thought in Europe, is an example of a "negative outlook."Guided by them, science explores the facts and they are dead.But there is also a positive outlook - the philosophy of revelation that can understand what consciousness Mind.When he reached the end, she will suffer the truth.She is a self-awareness of God.And how can you embrace the philosophy of the Absolute?God, according to Schelling, is infinite, and at the same time, it can do a limited, being in human form.That was Christ.Having come to such views at the end of life, thinker, began to criticize the idea of the Bible, which he shared in his youth.
philosophy Schelling
briefly laid out, so the periods in the development of the ideas of the German philosopher, one can draw the following conclusions.Schelling regarded as the main method of knowledge and contemplation of the mind is actually ignored.He criticized the mindset based on empiricism.Classical German philosophy Schelling believed that the main result of empirical knowledge is the law.A corresponding theoretical thinking displays principles.Natural philosophy is above empirical knowledge.It exists prior to any theoretical thinking.Its basic principle is the unity of being and spirit.Matter - not that other, as a result of actions of absolute reason.Therefore, the nature is in equilibrium.Her knowledge - is the existence of the world, and Schelling raised the question of how her apprehension was made possible.
