at all historical stages of human development to the society gets the same question: what, for whom and how much to produce, given the limited resources.The economic system and the types of economic systems is just designed to solve this problem.Moreover, each of these systems makes it their own way, each of them has its advantages and disadvantages.
concept of economic system
economic system - a system of economic processes and the relations of production, which has developed in a particular society.Under this concept refers to the algorithm, the organization of industrial society, which assumes the presence of stable relations between producers on the one hand and consumers - on the other.
the meaning of "economic system" and "types of economic systems" is highly dependent on the specific scientific school.For example, in some schools they are treated and are described by the macroeconomic concepts in others - through the behavior of people in the third focuses on their system, and so on. D.
principal in any economic system are the following processes:
- production;
- distribution;
- exchange;
- consumption (wealth).
production in any of the current economic system is based on the appropriate resources.However, some elements still differ in different systems.It is about the nature of socio-economic relations, management mechanism, motivating producers, and so on. N.
economic system and the types of economic systems
important point in the analysis of any phenomenon or concept is its typology.
characteristic types of economic systems, in general, is to analyze five basic parameters for comparison.It:
- technical and economic parameters;
- ratio of the share of state planning and market regulation system;
- relations in the sphere of property;
- social parameters (real income, the amount of free time, labor, and so on. D.);
- mechanisms of functioning of the system.
Accordingly, modern economists are four main types of economic systems:
- Traditional
- Command planned
- market (capitalism)
- Mixed
consider in more detail the differences between these types of oneother.
traditional economic system
In an era of primitive society in the world was born the very first economic system that was based on subsistence agriculture.Today, the traditional type of economic system almost never occurs (except for some regions of Latin America, Asia and Africa, as well as some third-world countries).
for this economic system is characterized by gathering, hunting and low productivity farming based on extensive methods of manual labor and primitive technology.Trade is poorly developed or not developed at all.
Perhaps the only advantage of this economic system is the weak (practically zero) pollution and minimal anthropogenic pressures on the environment.
Command-planned economic system
planned (or centralized) economy is a historical type of management.Nowadays, it is nowhere found in a pure form.Previously, it was characteristic of the Soviet Union, as well as some European and Asian countries.
today often talk about the shortcomings of the economic system, among which it is worth mentioning:
- lack of freedom for the producers (the team "what and how much to" produce sent from above);
- dissatisfaction with the economic needs of a large number of consumers;
- chronic shortage of certain commodities;
- the emergence of the black market (as a natural reaction to the previous item);
- inability to quickly and effectively implement the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress (so that a planned economy is always a step behind the other competitors of the global market).
however, were in this economic system and its advantages.One of them is the ability to ensure social stability for everyone.
market economic system
Market - is a complex and multi-faceted economic system which is characteristic of most of the modern world.Also known under a different name "capitalism."The fundamental principles of this system is the principle of individualism, free enterprise and healthy market competition based on supply and demand.Here it is dominated by private ownership, and the main stimulus to industrial activity appears thirst for profit.
However, and this economy - is far from ideal.Market type of economic system also has its drawbacks:
- unequal income distribution;
- social inequality and social vulnerability of certain categories of citizens;
- system instability, which manifests itself in the form of periodic acute crisis in the economy;
- predatory, savage exploitation of natural resources;
- weak financing of education, science and other non-profit programs.
In addition to these, the economists also highlight the fourth - mixed type of economic system in which the state and the private sector have an equivalent weight.In such systems, functions of the state in the economy are reduced to supporting the important (but losing) enterprises, financing of science and culture, controlling unemployment and so on. N.
economic system and the types of economic systems: examples of
remains to consider examplesmodern countries, which are characterized by one or another economic system.For this special table below shows.Types of economic systems it submitted, taking into account geographical distribution.It should be noted that this table is very subjective, as in many modern states it is difficult to clearly assess which of the systems they are.
| type of economic system | Examples of |
| Traditional | Vanuatu, Barbados, Zimbabwe, Chad, Ethiopia and others. |
| Command-planovy | USSR, India until the early 90-ies, Hitler's Germany |
| Market | United States, Canada, Japan, France, Switzerland, South Africa and others. |
| Mixed | ChinaRussia |
What type of economic system in Russia?In particular, Moscow State University Professor A. Buzgalin described the modern economy of Russia as a "mutation of late capitalism."In general, the economic system of the country was made today to consider the transition, with rapidly developing market.
In conclusion
Every economic system is different answers to three main questions of the economy: "what, how and for whom to produce?"Modern economists are divided into four main types: a traditional, command-planned, market and mixed system.
Speaking of Russia, we can say that in this state the specific type of economic system is in flux.The country is in transition between a command and a modern market economy.
